Decay of Faith in “The Enduring Chill”

Khaqhovia Lee Ms. Bolle IB Junior English October 5, 2012 Decay of Faith Heaven, earth, and beliefs of a superior being ruling the world are contradicted through Flannery O’Connor’s stories. â€Å"The Enduring Chill†, a short story by Flannery O’Connor, displays religious figures combined with the hypocrisy of Christian faith. â€Å"The Enduring Chill† is about Asbury, a male writer, who returns home to live with his mother due to his illness. Great conflict occurs between Asbury and his mother, so much that he would rather die and leave her in despair than to live with her, suffering life in a cage.Flannery O’Connor applies the motif of religion to express the contradiction of a Christian believer. Flannery O’Connor portrays religion through the use of animals, symbolism to religious figures, and Christian stories throughout â€Å"The Enduring Chill†. Flannery O’Connor uses religious animals to reveal the contradiction n ature of humans. When Asbury sees his sister, he tells his mother to, â€Å"let sleeping dogs lie† (O’Connor 358); the dogs could be related to Cerberus, the gate keeper to the underworld. Asbury sees his sister as evil.The quote also foreshadows Asbury’s illness, because he is lying in bed waiting for the illness to take his life, like the sleeping dogs. Flannery O’Connor also uses animals from different religions to foreshadow misfortunate events, such as â€Å"the dry cows were on one side and the milk herd on the other. She slowed the car and then stopped altogether, her attention caught by a cow with a bad quarter. † (O’Connor 362). The cow is a holy animal in the Hinduism religion, and the cow having a bad quarter is an omen of bad luck.It also foreshadows to the bad milk which is tainted with the stench of smoke, and causing Asbury to fall more ill. Another use of religious animals is â€Å"to find freedom, to liberate my imagination , to take it like a hawk from its cage and set it ‘whirling off into the widening gyre’ (Yeats) and what did I find? It was incapable of flight† (O’Connor 364). The quote reveals Asbury’s sense of freedom through the use of a hawk; hawks are known to be one of the most intelligent birds, as well as having a great vision.The hawk foreshadows Asbury’s realization, when Asbury discovers his illness wouldn’t kill him. Asbury is incapable of flying free from his caged life because he takes back the key to the drawers which held the letters, as soon as he discovers he would not die; caging himself in and stopping himself from gaining his freedom. A hawk also refers to a dove, which represents freedom and peace in the bible, and Asbury wants to live free and in peace. Animals are used to portray the progression of human life.Flannery O’Connor uses allusion to refer to bible stories, while using the stories to display the unfaithfulness of Christians. Asbury comes off the train and waits for his mother to come pick him up, and â€Å"Asbury felt that he was about to witness a majestic transformation, that the flat of roofs might at any moment turn into†¦some exotic temple of a god he didn’t know† (O’Connor 357). The majestic transformation alludes to Jesus on Mt. Sinai, where Jesus becomes engulfed in light, and radiates with the power of God.Asbury does not know the temple of God because he constantly turns away from God. The illusion he witnesses is common in the bible when God send’s a messenger and dreams to humans to warn and help them. Another example appears during the car ride to his mother’s home, and â€Å"the he turned and faced his mother grimly, irked that he had allowed himself, even for an instant, to see an imaginary temple in this collapsing country junction† (O’Connor 358). The temple of God is not a physical temple but the body of all the Chris tian believers, but Asbury does not understand God’s will.The collapsing country junction is an allusion to the destruction of the walls of Jericho. The walls fall from the undying faith of the Israelites. Asbury does not believe he sees the event and decides to continue in life waiting for his death to come without realizing God. The wall of Jericho symbolizes Asbury’s faith which is crumbling down. While Asbury lies in the hospital â€Å"a blinding red-gold sun moved serenely from under a purple cloud†¦ below it the treeline was black against the crimson sky† (O’Connor 382). The red-gold sun represents the death of Christ, as he is hanging on the cross.Jesus’s blood symbolizes the crimson sky. The black tree line forms the countless amounts of sinners which resent God and Jesus. The darkest days of the world are also on the day Christ dies; Asbury’s darkest days are also on the very same day he witnesses the scene. Each allusion displ ays the decaying faith of Christians and increase of human weakness. Flannery O’Connor displays the decaying faith of Christians by incorporating religious figures. Asbury describes his friend as being â€Å"as bland as the Buddha himself† (O’Connor 359).Buddha is usually seen as a cheerful and chubby man, who never falls into temptations, and not bland. Asbury’s knowledge of religion is very low by applying bland to Buddha. Buddha descends from a wealth family but he decides to follow the road of hardships, but Asbury is from a well off family but he decides to live the life of a metropolitan. Asbury fails in living the life and becomes overwhelmed with hardships; giving up the life he wished for and travels on a darker path. As Asbury wonders around his mother’s home he noticed the â€Å"water stains on the gray walls.Descending from the top molding, long icicle shapes had been etched by leaks and, directly over his bed on the ceiling, another l eak had made a fierce bird with spread wings† (O’Connor 365). A fierce bird with spread wings symbolizes the Holy Spirit which appears to the disciples as they are enlightened by the Holy Spirit, with flames floating above their heads. Instead of flames there is a long icicle, the exact opposite of a flame. A fierce bird also symbolizes the anger of God because he would show no mercy to though who go against his will.Asbury disobeys his mother’s rules and falls into a deeper illness. Asbury stunned by the fact he wouldn’t die, looks into the mirror and â€Å"the eyes that stared back at him were the same that had returned his gaze every day from that mirror but seemed to him that they were paler† (O’Connor 382). God is all powerful and all seeing, the eyes represent his presence in the room, but he realizes the eyes are paler. Asbury loses God and stays living in his life trapped in a cage, with is mother. Religious figures portray the weaken ing of Christian Faith.

Who Is the Real Monster in Mary Shelley’s Novel, Frankenstein?

Essay: â€Å"Who is the real monster in Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein? † Mary Shelley’s objective was to write a novel about how important, or not appearances are. The saying â€Å"You can never judge a book by its cover†, is what Mary Shelley is trying to explain to the reader. The tree main characters have different ways of seeing life, but loneliness bonds them together. They’ve had unique and painful life experiences, but nothing can stop them from pursuing their goal. This book it starts of with Walton's journey, then Frankenstein’s story, then the monster's view and finally back to Walton's narrative.The purpose of this essay is to show who the real monster is. The first character is Robert Walton he is presented as a fearless captain of a crew. He is obsessed with the idea of finding another way to reach the North Pole. The following line can give you an idea about how determined and selfish he is, â€Å"I ordered us to wait one night longer, and took the chance to get some sleep†. He can also be bossy and companionate in the same time, for example in the next line â€Å"I told the man to wrap him in blankets and warm him by the ship’s stove†.Robert Walton wants to know more about Victor Frankenstein, he states: â€Å"When I asked if his studies had brought him to the frozen north, he looked at me with a deep sadness†. This shows that he can be compassionate too. Victor Frankenstein is the main character; he comes from Geneva, Switzerland. Since he was small he enjoyed discovering the unknown â€Å"I was more interested in nature than I was in people†. He was the biggest child in his family; he had 2 brothers and a half-sister.His passion of knowing was increasing every day â€Å"From that moment I was determined to find the answers to these questions, to discover the secrets of life†. Right before Frankenstein went to university his mother died â€Å"I was keen to go, but, just before I was to set out, my mother fell ill with a fever and died†. By going to university, after his mother’s death, show’s how selfish he is â€Å"In the end, of course, I had to leave†. Frankenstein had always been interested in science, but his interests developed more, once his mother died.Before going to university he promised Elizabeth, his half sister, that he will write to her â€Å"My dear Elizabeth clasped my hands and begged me to write, to write often, and I promised that I would†. But when he got to university he forgot his promise to Elizabeth. His arrogance leaded him to be such a good scientist â€Å"I smiled to hear this because I knew my understanding of science was not just the equal of theirs but far superior†. Now he wanted to learn more about dead bodies â€Å"I had to understand death and decay†. He regrets the fact that he continued with his research â€Å"Oh, Walton, if I had only stopped thereà ¢â‚¬ .His desire was to create life â€Å"I wanted to create a living being, a creature like myself but perfect and original†, he considered himself a God. Frankenstein also shows us how irresponsible he is, because he didn’t think about what will happen, or what will he do once he will create the monster. So he started working on the idea of creating life. The memory from his childhood â€Å"When the light was gone, the tree was left a blasted stump, smoking in the rain† affected him, now he was thinking about using electricity to create life â€Å"A flash of electricity like the one I’d seen destroy the tree†.When the creature gained life, Frankenstein gets scarred and ashamed of his creation â€Å"I felt a surge of triumph, but it lasted no more than an instant†. Frankenstein's description of the monster makes us think that he is horrific. ‘Black lips' and ‘watery eyes' are horrific Frankenstein's view. This description also portrays the monster in a bad way, although the monster has not done anything to be ‘evil' or ‘monstrous'. The only way he is monstrous is through Frankenstein's physical description. Frankenstein also uses rhetorical questions throughout the chapter.This gets the reader involved, but also reminds us that he is still telling his story to Walton. â€Å"But was I free? Could I ever be free while that dreadful thing was waiting for me in my work room? †. After his friend, Henry Clerval’s visit he realized that he was ill, when he went to check if the creature was still there he found out that â€Å"The monster had gone†. Frankenstein seems to have abandoned his creation, so this seems quite monstrous. On the other hand, the monster is certainly monstrous in appearance, though he has not done anything wrong at this point in the book.While Henry and Victor were having breakfast the terrible news of William’s death occurred and they left immediately . When he arrives at his home, and he realizes that the monster must have killed his brother, although he has no evidence â€Å"I had given life to the dreadful being that had killed my own brother†. However, Frankenstein says nothing in court, and lets his good family friend Justine hang. This adds to his monstrous behavior due to his cowardice. Frankenstein goes away to the Alps, and seeks comfort in nature, and to get away from the trouble at home, â€Å"From he first time in weeks I felt something like happiness in my heart†. Frankenstein is perhaps showing selfishness by leaving his family alone in these troubled times. This again, can make us question who the real monster is. But Frankenstein’s joy didn’t least. ‘Rage' and ‘horror' is how Frankenstein describes his emotions, and this shows how unexpected and scared he is. During this scene, Frankenstein also describes the monster in an ugly way, ‘vile demon’ and ‘devil '. Next, Frankenstein exaggerates by saying â€Å"You dare come to me after what you have done? †.The creature is just trying to talk to Frankenstein â€Å"Stay still and listen to me†. They blame each other for what happened and they both have strong arguments against each other. This starts to show who the real monster is, and how it could possibly be Frankenstein. At this point, Shelley has made us reconsider who is more monstrous and the person acting more monstrously is Frankenstein, due to his attitude towards the monster, and rejecting the monster's story, at first. At this point in the book, we are made to feel sorry for the monster, because he has been rejected.Also, the only description of the monster has come from Frankenstein. Since this is the case the creature may not look as bad as suggested. The monster then tells his story to Frankenstein. It begins with both Frankenstein and society rejecting the monster and he ends up running away, and living in a fo rest. Here he learns to read, because he continues listening to the poor family next door. The feeling of sadness gets worse after finding and reading Frankenstein’s diary. After analyzing ‘the happy family’‘s life he was hoping that he could ‘speak with them one day’.However, when he tries to talk the blind man, his family walk in, and ‘saves’ the old man from the ‘monster’. The monster was ‘born’ good, but the abandonment of his creator and of society has made him be who he is. This perhaps makes us feel sorrier for the monster, and also really makes us question who the real monster is. Because of his loneliness the creature begs Frankenstein to ‘make’ another creature, so he won’t be alone anymore. Firstly Frankenstein refused the creatures deal, but in the end he accepted. Frankenstein collected all the equipment he needed and retired on an island, where no one could find him.The mo nster watched every step of Frankenstein’s work, but in the end Frankenstein ‘began to destroy his new creation’ because ‘he refused to bring more misery into the world’. The monster was devastated and threatened Frankenstein, â€Å"I shall be with you on your wedding night! †. Frankenstein thought that the creature was going to ‘kill’ him, but sadly the ‘monster’ was referring to Elizabeth, the person Frankenstein cared the most. While he was going back to Geneva to ‘meet with Henry’, he found out that the creature killed someone again†¦ This time it was Henry, his best friend.On his wedding night Victor was shocked to find Elizabeth dead, â€Å"He was pointing at the lifeless form of Elizabeth, a grin twisted on his vile face†. But ‘the news of Elizabeth’s death was more than his poor father could bear. It broke his heart and he died’. Because of hatred towards his creato r, and society, he gets ‘corrupted' and kills many of Frankenstein's family. The creature regretted that â€Å"he had destroyed his greatest enemy, and his greatest friend, and all the hater I have left is for myself’.Frankenstein dies. Captain Walton learned a lesson. Within Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, all three characters show monstrous behavior. I believe that a monster is not recognized and defined only by its physical appearance. I believe that Frankenstein's creation is not the true monster in this novel. But neither are Frankenstein or Walton. In my opinion society is the real monster, because they â€Å"Judge a book by its cover†, in other words society cares just about someone’s looks and not about how they really are.

"Escape"- by Nina Cassian

Escape- by Nina Cassian Essay Escape is a poem addressing the age-old, yet somehow more modern, issue of unhappy and detrimental yet addictive relationships. The form, showing the effects of this relationship and her awakening from it, along with the dark, sometimes even morbid, diction and imagery make the poem a very personal and touching one; subsequently it also helps the reader relate to his own experience, thus proving to be very effective. The diction and the literary devices generally set the mood in Escape; the poem begins with two rather shocking contradictions in which Cassian compares his love to a prison ( these two not being commonly associated in our society) and proclaims that His words and looks were like padlocks. To a certain extent, this immediately shows her addiction to him, at that time either conscious or subconscious, as, although she claims that he locked me in, she herself could not, or did not want to open these padlocks. Moreover, I think that they covey a feeling of claustrophobia for the reader, thus persuading him to immediately notice how harmful this relationship was for the poet. The description of how she lost her senses, becoming blind and mute, makes us understand her helplessness, her entrapment as without those vital senses there was little she could do to escape. Everything around her is distorted, as she is unable to tell a curtain from a river (therefore the indoors and the outdoors) apart. As the poem progresses, her senses become increasingly deformed and she creates a morbid, almost frightening image for the reader, by declaring that she could not see the difference between a bracelet and a muzzle, conveying the idea of death as a muzzle is associated with guns. Nonetheless, the poet seems to also be having a feeling of longing at the same time, as she mentions the call of the pomegranate seed or that kind invitation of frogs into the sunset which are reminiscent of the Romanian countryside, considering that those are her native lands. The concluding line of the stanza highlights the overall effect this transformation has had on her as she lost a lot of friends; the caesura underlines that this is the direct result of everything she has mentioned throughout the stanza. The repetition running throughout the first stanza emphasizes the extent of her desperation and change, as she repeats the idea that she could no longer tell apart things. Nonetheless, the repetition of dead in dead hair and dead nails probably show how she herself felt inside, like she was growing into a lifeless corpse while she was still actually young. This description also lies in line with the metaphor of this love being like a prison as I think we are encouraged to see her as a convict as well. The use of threatening, frightening verbs such as invaded or covered again reveal her helplessness and how lonely and scared she must have felt at one point. The form of the poem helps reveal how much effort it took for Cassian to escape, as after delivering her feelings during the relationship and its effects, she then suddenly wakes up from her haunting nightmare in the second stanza. I think that she wants to stress this feeling of a nightmare by describing what she felt when she touched herself as always tend to check ourselves when waking up from a nightmare to see if we are whole. Unfortunately, in her case her nightmare was a reality, so she notices how her cheeks had become hollow to the touch/my hands uneven and the shock of seeing herself this way persuades her to have the strength to free herself from all those horrible things. READ: Poetry Essay Compare with the speed of disgust. Moreover, the form takes another important role in the second verse as the short lines illustrate the speed of her actions to rid herself of the harmful effects of this relationship, from cut(ting) off the dead nails until break(ing) the lock/ and run(ning) out. I feel like the increasingly short lines convey a sense of urgency, as the quick pace makes it seem like she is really breaking out of a prison, thus making her metaphor highly effective. The imagery Cassian uses, whereby she compares this love to a prison, runs throughout the second stanza, the poem ending with this metaphor just as it began. After she finally gains strength and willpower to break the lock she realises that There was no guard. I think that this short sentence highlights the ambivalence of her feelings, as on one hand she must have been relieved to be able to free herself so easily, while on the other hand she may have felt some disappointment, as she was probably expecting him to care, to not simply let her go. The repetition of No one in the last 5 lines highlights her loneliness and desperation as nobody was there on either sides, her lover not caring enough to ask her to stay or to raise the alarm and her friends not greet(ing) her or supporting her once she got out of the relationship. The use of Not a soul again brings into question the idea of death which is expressed in the first stanza; she was probably hoping that a soul, or somebody, would revive her from being so lifeless and full of dead things but unfortunately this soul is absent. The idea that she ends the poem with only No one is an extremely poignant conclusion, highlighting the peak of her lonesomeness, towards which the second stanza was building. In my opinion, this creates a heartbreaking mood, making us feel even more sympathy for the poet.

Social Media and Marketing mix Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Media and Marketing mix - Assignment Example Some argue that social media marketing is a replica of the word of mouth marketing since people like the contents and share the information with friends thus increasing visits to the social network site. The change brought about by social media in marketing has seen the success of companies like Netflix whose presence is not only felt in the UK but also worldwide. For business entities to consider social media as an effective marketing tool, they must understand what the concept entails. Gordon (2014) suggests that the definition of social media is never complete without reference to Web 2.0 that has been defined as the new way through which people use the World Wide Web as place that continually alters contents to allow sharing in a collaborative way. The Web 2.0 came about or evolved from simple tasks of retrieving information to more complex functions like interoperability, interactivity, and collaboration. By definition, social media a collective term for internet based applications whose basis come from technological and ideological foundations of the Web 2.0 to allow creation as well as exchange user content (Brennan, & Croft, 2012). According to Brennan, & Croft (2012) social media are basically software tools that make it possible to create user specific content which they can share. For a website to meet specifications of a social network, it must have content, user profiles, method for connecting users and posting comments and also provisions for joining virtual groups of common interests like politics, fashion, or religion (Gordon, 2014). Also, there is always confusion between the terms social media and social media networks though the latter allows users to unite through generation of personal or private information profiles where the users can invite their friends to access the profiles (Sashi, 2012). Therefore, a more discreet definition of social media is that; social media is an environment where social networking occurs and

Economics of Modern Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economics of Modern Capitalism - Essay Example Malthus made two propositions in his argument about population. Firstly, that population escalates in a geometrical type of ratio and secondly, that subsistence rises in an arithmetical type of ratio. These two Malthus’ propositions form the popular population principle which, as he argues is part of the causes of lack of progress by mankind to the achievement of happiness. This so called cause is coherently related to the human nature where there is a continual trend of the entire animated life to rise in populations beyond what is there to nourish them. The necessary as well as natural impacts arising from such tendency are misery and other related vices that has had philanthropists trying in vain to rectify. The principle of population applied by Malthus to bring forth his argument is all based upon natural law where animated life increases far much higher than the available means for the subsistence of their life. This natural law of growth in population is usually put in check by another as Malthus continued to argue, which is the necessity law that restrains the growth inside particular boundaries and at the same time keeping it as low as the available subsistence means. In the case of humans, this natural law of necessity acts by the dictated way of numerous checks that can be ranked under two major categories. These major categories are with the inclusion of; (i) preventive kind of checks that put an impediment upon fertility and (ii) the positive types of checks that raise mortality or the death probability. The final outcome is the misery and poverty situations witnessed among the poor of every country as well as the futile attempts by the well-to-do to rescue them. Marx, and Engel alike, on the other hand came up with a counter argument in reaction to Malthus’ theory of population. They did their analysis under two levels to make their argument clear. The first level is their view that Malthus’ theory is too general principally i n that it is just another of the way bourgeois economists make more reified the relationships observed in a typical society. In the theory of Malthus, reify bears the meaning of changing concrete historical relations in a society as well as processes into eternal laws of nature. The process of reification mentioned with regards to social relationships, are characterised in the intellectual production nature under the capitalist conditions of production and the process of human reflections of the social life forms in tandem with the scientific analysis of the same social life forms. The second level is the more precise level of the Marx’s reaction to Malthus’ population principle. This level is about the principle of â€Å"the reserve army of labour† which is also referred to as the relative surplus population. He expounds on his point as he continues to make an analysis of the capital accumulation general law. Marx says that the expansion and accumulation of cap ital comprises of the capitalism’s driving force and this becomes a possibility only in scenarios where capitalists are able to operate at a gain. Gains arise in the appropriation of the surplus value that is produced by the power of labour he purchases. Accumulation arises at the point where capitalists change a part of their surplus value capital. This serves capitalists by allowing them some space to realise expansion and to apportion the extra surplus value and

Capital investment appraisal within an organisation looks at the Essay

Capital investment appraisal within an organisation looks at the acquisition of fixed assets so as to generate wealth for the organisation - Essay Example Capital investment appraisal, which is also called capital budgeting, is the process to use funds to acquire operational assets (Khamees et al. 2010). These investment decisions obtain their guidance and source from the outcomes or results, which are provided by the source of capital investment appraisal. If the outcomes of capital investment appraisal are positive and encouraging, and these outcomes show that a particular investment, if taken, would bring wealth and additional inflows to the organisation, then investment or fund managers do not delay or waste a single minute to give a green signal for the investment project. Additionally, that investment project must ensure that after a certain number of years, the investment project would bring some additional inflows which would be more than the initial cost invested into that investment project. Four investment techniques are the different methods: Payback period, discounted payback period, net present value (NPV) and internal ra te of return (IRR). These four investment techniques are the basic tools used by the investment managers to carry out the process of investment appraisal. Each investment technique is different and is used differently by the fund or investment managers. Payback period is simply takes into account the number of years. Payback period informs that how many years a particular investment project would take to recover the initial cost of investment. The discounted payback period is a bit different to payback period. The discounted payback period uses a firm’s cost of capital for the purpose of evaluating the expected future cash flows from an investment project.... The discounted payback period uses a firm’s cost of capital for the purpose of evaluating the expected future cash flows from an investment project. In the discounted payback period, without using the cost of capital, the application of discounted payback period would not be possible and applicable for the purpose of conducting an investment appraisal. Net present value (NPV) is considered to be a more effective and reliable investment appraisal tool in comparison with other tools of investment appraisal. The main reason for its more recognition and more application among the different fund and investment managers is that net present value heavily relies on the technique of time-value of money concepts. The internal rate of return (IRR) is a discount rate. This discount rate is used by many fund and investment managers for the purpose of evaluating the future cash inflows. The only and most important function of the internal rate of return is to give a figure of cost of capita l; and this figure is used and applied on the different available cash flows to determine their present value. Capital Investment Appraisal For the financial and investment managers, the activity of capital investment appraisal brings a huge amount of responsibility for them. The capital investment appraisal requires purchasing a long term asset with a life of many years. This means, in case that fixed asset is purchased, the company becomes locked in for the duration of the asset’s life. Also, since the purchase of a fixed asset would directly increase the current level of business operations, and the contribution of the fixed asset would also increase in the activities of sales, costs and so on, it becomes necessary for the investment and fund

Turner Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Turner Review - Essay Example According to the review, the major factors that have drove the world in the current financial crisis include among others the increasing financial innovation, growth in the market size, as well as microeconomic imbalances thus, causing overall systemic risk increase. In light of the foregoing crisis there was a great need to revaluate the existing regulatory regime, for instance the assumption that markets function in an efficient and rational way. To this end, Turner proposes a regulatory policy change in his review to a regulation approach that is more systematic (Turner 2009). In designing capital adequacy set of laws, the review postulate a couple of variant approaches which include: forming rules that are geared towards influencing the activities undertaken by different banks through sinking excessive risk taking incentives for the good of the economy at large (FSA 2009). Alternatively, the rules can be formed to shield the creditors in case of failure by a single bank. Turner in his review postulate that in order to direct more attention on Tier 1 capital and Core Tier 1, it would be prudent to boost the value of capital held by banks. The review further proposes that the current optimum level of capital should be substituted with a novel formation. The review however, acknowledges that the increase in the capital requirement should wait until the economy is more stable (Cooper 2009).

Trends in team building activities Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trends in team building activities - Coursework Example In her article, team building is the way to go for any business. For any manager to be considered successful in their leadership roles; they must ensure they have sound, active and well-balanced teams working harmoniously towards achieving the organization’s long-term goals. Look at all successful business institutions, you will discover that the reason behind their fortunes is the composition of thelabor force that is relating well, with each other. Nothing positive can be achieved unless there is a good collaboration among people employed in an organization. She further says that, before any management directs its efforts towards moving the organization to the next level of success, it should ensure it makes team building its first priority. The author either gives examples of the classic Hawthorne Studies of between 1927 1nd 1932, where it was discovered that a group’s results are better compared to the totals of individuals working independently or in 1993, Elton Ma yo seconded this when he found out that a group was essential because of three unique characteristics it owned. They include a feeling of social support, a sense of group identity and cohesion. These characteristics are a strong motivation towards a group or team achieving its goals. The author goes ahead to support her findings of the importance by comparing two generations. That of 1960s that gave little attention to teamwork since most reward systemswasbased on individual performances and that of 1980s, which advocated for teamwork.

Art History the Mourning of Christ by Giotto Assignment

Art History the Mourning of Christ by Giotto - Assignment Example Other two figures surrounding Christ are depicted from behind and it is impossible to see if they are men or women. Maria Magdalena holds legs of Christ. We can assume that it is she only because of her red hair. Other five figures are in the middle of the painting. The central figure of this group is a young man with the short haircut and he looks very young. He leans toward Christ and stretches his arms to him as if he wants to embrace him. His face reflects sorrow and grief. Other two men from this group are calm and their sorrow is very deep inside because they look like detached viewers of this tragic scene. There is also another group of mourning people in the left part of the painting. The picture is divided into two main parts upper and lower by a sharp mountain edge. In the upper part of the painting we can see 10 angels flying high in the blue sky, or if to say more exactly, are caught up in emotional explosions of sorrow. Generally, Giotto’s painting expresses a mood of sadness. He uses different devices providing his viewers with possibilities to look at deep space of the painting. He uses foreshortening and it looks like there is a lot of space in this painting. Pastel colours used by the artist create an atmosphere of motion in the painting, or fixed moments of motion if to be more exact. Soft clothing in the lower part of the painting is contrasted with sharp forms of the mountain in the middle of it (Lamentation). Giotto’s new devices belong to the techniques of the Early Renaissance. His painting is 3-dimensional, full of symbols and allegoric meanings (Lamentation). His manner of contrasting human and divine worlds can be seen in the exact depiction of human clothing and angelic images. In such a way Giotto clearly shows that he delimits human and divine worlds. In â€Å"The mourning of Christ† depicts Giotto made an emphasis on mother’s sorrow at Christ.  

Team Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Team Project - Essay Example Popular culture comes into being as a result of the interplay of a variety of factors and sources. The primary source of birth and spread of popular culture is mass media in general and popular music, television shows, movies, video games, books, and radio in particular. Nothing has been as big a contributor toward the spread of popular culture as the Internet. Cell phones, online chatting, videoconferencing, and video calling using Skype and such other software have helped the popular culture spread with the word of mouth. Popular culture has influenced arts in a number of ways. Ever since the 20th century, artists started to use and integrate the elements of pop culture, its items and images in their art. The word used to refer to this practice is appropriation which is defined as â€Å"the process of taking symbols or systems out of their original context and putting them in new ones† (Contemporary Art Start, n.d.). The influence of popular culture on arts reached its peak as the pop art movement during the 1960s and a number of postmodern artists have continued to have this influence to date. Pop artists have challenged the separation traditionally placed between popular and high culture, suggesting that images from comic books, billboards, and grocery store shelves are capable of providing wonderful subjects for sculpture and painting. Pop artists increasingly replaced traditional raw materials used in art including stone, paint, and clay with mass-produced objects. The influence of arts on the popular culture is overarching. Popular culture has fundamentally come into being as a result of the artistic inspirations and desires of people. Performing arts’ impact on the popular culture is just as evident, if not more, as the traditional arts’ impact on it. For example, programs like the Last Comic Standing and American Idol broadcast over a majority of channels encourage the audience to participate in the shows and leave

Crooks Essay Example for Free

Crooks Essay Crooks as the biggest victim on the ranch discuss Monday 24th October 2011 In the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ Steinbeck presents Crooks, the black stable-buck as the biggest victim on the ranch because of his race. Crooks is also the most damaged person, emotionally and physically. He has a crooked back and has begun to mimic the cruel and violent behaviour of the other men on the ranch. The impact of his loneliness also makes him push people away, leaving him even more lonely and segregated. The other men exclude Crooks because he is black. He is not allowed to go into the bunkhouse with all the white men because they are racist and follow the racist behaviour of segregation. It is clear that Steinbeck is critisising wider society through his description of Crooks. Crooks has his own room ‘had his bunk in the harness room’ he lives alone and is no more important than the animals symbolised by the nearness to the animals. He is alone all the time and gets lonely but never admits it because he is too proud. Steinbeck show’s the irony of Candy saying ‘must be nice to have a room all to your self’. When Lennie comes in to his room, Crooks has right to ask him to leave but instead acts as though he didn’t want Lennie to stay. He says – ‘come on in and set a while†¦long as you wont get out and leave me alone. ’ The ellipsis’ show his hesitation after he admitted he wants the company he realizes and changed it around to say he wants to be alone. This is so Crooks can maintain his pride and his dignity. He his so lonely that he admits to Lennie – ‘just a guy talking to another guy doesn’t matter if he understands. ’ This tells us Crooks is happy talking to Lennie even though Lennie does not understand most of the things Crooks is saying. It is the company and the talking to another human that matters to him. Steinbeck also adds that Crooks ‘reads a lot’. Steinbeck implies that even though Crooks is treated badly he could be the most educated worker on the ranch has a better understanding of things than most of the other men and is wiser because he is older and has seen more things. Also he has a ‘Californian Civil Code’ book, because he has this book and reads it often he knows a lot about the laws of discrimination in different areas. He is interested in is rights as a black man unfortunately, despite his knowledge Crooks is unable to change anything. Slim is the only man who treats Crooks sympathetically. He respects Crooks more and talks to him some times. Slim is ‘kind’ and ‘is a good listener’ but Slim and Crooks are the opposite- Slim is respected and has power whereas Crooks is disrespected and beaten by the men because of the colour of his skin. Slim is a ‘tall man’ who is ‘capable of killing a fly on the wheelers butt without touching the mule’ but Crooks was just a ‘stable buck, nigger with a ‘crooked back’. Through this contrast, Steinbeck provokes pathos about Crooks’ life. Ironically, even Slim is effected by the hardship on the ranch casually drowns four pups. Steinbeck depicts Crooks as the most physically damaged person on the ranch. One of the reasons for this is that the white men beat Crooks, just because he was black. The boss uses Crooks to let his anger out – ‘the boss gives him hell when he’s mad. ’ Even though the boss hired Crooks to do a job he beats him when he is angry, this shows Crooks is of a low status on the ranch and that he matters the least. The men are also very cruel to Crooks when they say ‘ Jesus we had fun. They are referring to a time when they beat Crooks. This is very cruel he had no way of defending himself by fighting back because he has a crooked back and is much weaker he also has no one on his side. What is more brutal is that they did it just for pleasure this suggests that the ranch is corrupting everyone. Steinbeck warns us of the consequences of brutality in the wider world. Furthermore the cruelty Crooks faces made him cruel to Lennie when he says – ‘I don’t blame the guy you travel with for keeping you outta sight. ’ and ‘what if he don’t come back. Crooks wants to frighten Lennie and is clearly jealous of the companionship he has with George. When ‘Crooks face lightened with pleasure in his torture’ it shows that Crooks has learnt from the other men how to be cruel. This is also another way he has been damaged emotionally by the ranch because most of the men become cruel and it is a violent world where only the fittest will survive. Crooks wishes that he could have what George and Lennie have so he gets dragged in to the dream against his better judgment – ‘Never a god dammed one of em gets it just like hea ven. Here is Crooks talks about men trying to get land for themselves. He does not believe in God because his life has been so bad that there cannot be a God but he still equates land with heaven. Crooks is lonely and has a room to himself on the ranch and in it there were ‘hung broken harness strips in process of being mended, strips of new leather. ’ Ironically ’Being a stable buck he was more permanent than other men’ His permanency does not give him status he is all alone and unlike the bunk house where games are played in the evenings his room is filled with work objects so he would not get much time to relax or rest. Also in his room is ‘a range of medicine bottles for himself and the horses. ’ This is another example of him being no more important that the animals and also part of the discrimination against him. Steinbeck depicts Crooks as a victim by the description of his physical appearance. – ‘His body was bent over to the left by his Crooked spine’ His lean face was lined with deep wrinkles, and he had thin, pain-tightened lips which were paler than his face. ’ His body is bent over because a horse has kicked him on the ranch so the ranch damages him physically. His lined face shows the evidence of the brutality of the ranch, he is older and weaker because of the hard work he has done and his thin, pain-tightened lips show the pain he is in. yet he still has to work everyday and he tries to soothe the pain by repeatedly applying liniment to his back. This reminds us of his pain – ‘he poured his liniment into his pink palmed hand. ’ Although Crooks is damaged by the ranch and has no status, he is a very proud, dignified man who wants people to respect the few rights he has, ‘you got no right to come in here’ he said to Lennie because his room was the only thing people has respect. He has read about black rights, he is interested in what rights he could have in other places. Although Crooks had the right to ban Candy and Lennie from his room the desire for company overrode this. He was happy to have the company of the two men, ‘well, why’n’t you kick ‘em out? ’ ‘I di’nt care much’. Steinbeck makes us sympathise with Crooks as he is presented as the biggest victim on the ranch because he is damaged mentally, physically and emotionally. Steinbeck also makes us sympathise with Crooks because he is lonely and how he is lonely from the isolation from the other men.

Macbeth’s Gender Role Reversal Essay Example for Free

Macbeth’s Gender Role Reversal Essay William Shakespeare’s tragedy â€Å"Macbeth† completely challenges the idea of traditional gender roles and social norms during the renaissance period. The male characters have many feminine traits while the female characters have many more masculine and manlier traits. This was going entirely against the stereotypical outlook of the roles you’re supposed to play as your gender during that time of history. During the renaissance period women were only expected to clean, cook, and to have babies. Men on the other hand were typically expected to work hard and to provide for the home. Socially women didn’t have power or respect and men were the ones who were supposed to be brave and tough at the best of times and the worst of times. That idea is challenged many times throughout Macbeth as their are several examples where Lady Macbeth remains strong while Macbeth crumbles and becomes weak. The play consistently challenges the society norms of gender roles. It’s obvious the Macbeth’s don’t serve as your stereotypical husband and wife. Right away throughout the first couple of acts, Shakespeare introduces Lady Macbeth’s character as an assertive and dominant woman that makes the decisions over her husband Macbeth. Lady Macbeth really makes it apparent that she wears the pants in there relationship. For example, in scene 1 act 5 when Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth King Duncan is coming and he seems to be very hesitant on how he will handle the King’s presence. Lady Macbeth takes charge and asserts her dominance by saying, â€Å"He that’s coming/ Must be provided for, and you shall put/ This night’s great business into my dispatch† (scene 1 act 5 64-66).In traditional society, if the king is coming to your house, it would be very unusual for the lady of the house to be in charge of handling the appearance by the king. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth also exchange roles in the way they handle their emotions and the way they handle the guilt. For instance, when it comes to the thought of murder and death, Lady Macbeth shows no mercy, and when King Duncan was murdered, she remained unphased by the act. This is apparent when she deals with Macbeth leaving the gory daggers at the site of the murder, â€Å"Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead/ Are but as pictures; ‘tis the eye of childhood/ That fears a painted devil.†(scene 2 act 2 56-58). Macbeth is portrayed as emotionally unstable and soft as he is afraid to even go back into the room where the murder took place, â€Å"I’ll go no more/ I am afraid to think what I have done†(scene 2 act 2 54-55). This interaction between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth really shows the unusual roles one another play in their relationship because, in a situation where someone is murdered or there is a serious crime, women aren’t usually t he ones who are brave and strong-minded about it, men are. As the play goes on, Lady Macbeth begins to lose her fierce and intimidating persona as Macbeth becomes the more assertive and dominant one. Lady Macbeth starts losing her edge when it becomes less difficult to get Macbeth to follow through with his murderous acts. Anytime Macbeth thinks you’re interfering with his kinship, he’ll have no problem taking you down and getting you out of his way. Macbeth no longer needs Lady Macbeth to persuade him. This is very apparent when he shows no mercy planning the murder of Banquo, â€Å"There’s comfort yet, they are assailable/ Then be thou jocund: ere the bat hath flown/ His cloistered flight, ere to black Hecate’s summons/ The shard-borne beetle with his drowsy hums/ Hath rung night’s yawning peal, there shall be done/ A deed of dreadful note† (scene 3 act 2 40-44). A completely different Macbeth we see out of this quote, no longer hesitant and no longer appearing to be affected by guilt. Now that Macbeth is this individual who is ready and eager to kill, Lady Macbeth begins to show the side of her that wasn’t present at the beginning of the play, â€Å"Come on. Gentle my lord/ Sleek o’er your rugged looks, be bright and jovial/ Among your guests tonight† (act 3 scene 2 26-28). Lady Macbeth expresses emotion and traits of care, unlike any other time. The play Macbeth features many different gender reversals throughout the entire play. Shakespeare really tests the normality of having women be the assertive and dominant one in a marriage while having the man be kind of timid and soft. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth’s gender reversals distinctively show the extreme traits one another possess and it gives an opposite perspective than what we are used to. Whatever goes up always must come down, and when Lady Macbeth and Macbeth begin to form into traditional gender roles, that becomes the start of their decline.

Addition to Pain Medication: Causes, Effects and Treatments

Addition to Pain Medication: Causes, Effects and Treatments Pain Medication Addictions Angelia Holland People are going to the doctor when they are nothing wrong with them to get a prescription for pain pills. People are getting more and more addicted to prescription pain pills. When doctors do not prescribe them a prescription because they suspect that are abusing the pills, then they will buy them for someone. These pills will not stop when they have an addiction sometime they abuse it so bad that they overdose because they mix pills together and do not know the outcome will be. However, pain pills misuse is a common thing now then it was in the past. No one decides to get addicted to prescription pain pills. Alienating family and friends, failing at work, and launching a small-time criminal career arent what anyone plans on when they swallow their first pain pill. One in five Americans report misusing a prescription drug at least once in their lifetime, but the overwhelming majority put the pills away with no lasting harm. So how does prescription painkiller abuse progress to full-blown opioid addiction? It typically starts with a visit to the doctor for a backache or to dull pain after surgery, an accident or a sports injury. It ends with addiction. Misuse of prescription painkillers is on the rise, and experts say increasingly, its killing us (Shamus, 2013). Healthcare providers have long wrestled with how best to treat patients who suffer from chronic pain, roughly 116 million in this country. No special training, skill, effort or techniques are required for pain management when using narcotic painkillers. You simply take a pill and soon afterward, the pain you were feeling is reduced or eliminated. The fact that these painkillers work well with little effort makes them the first choice for pain management for many people. Rather than exploring other ways of managing pain, which take effort and may not eliminate pain to the same extent as the painkillers, people reach for the pill bottle each time pain relief is required. The ease of use and effectiveness it brings may lead some to reach for the drugs more often than is safe or necessary. While it may not be the first reason that people take such painkillers, most notice that while they are under the influence of these drugs, they are distanced from their emotional pain. Painful emotions are a part of everyday life for all of us, but often we can manage these feelings on our own or with professional help, such as counseling. However, people in physical pain have often suffered emotional trauma and are more vulnerable to the attractions of a pill that just makes it all go away. Over time, people come to depend on their prescription painkillers to manage their negative emotions. Painkillers can be pleasurable. Opioids, in particular, have a side effect of euphoria. This is similar to the pleasure felt when you have been successful or after intense physical excitement, but it requires no such effort to attain. As people who are in pain have typically suffered an unpleasant experience that caused the pain, the pleasurable effects of these painkillers can seem like a delightful surprise. Seeking repeated experiences of pleasure through the addictive behavior or substance is one of the hallmarks of addiction. People with physical pain are often very tense. Because many painkillers, such as Demerol, induce physical relaxation, they can provide welcome relief from tension while under the influence. After a while, people can come to rely on painkillers that have this effect to provide relief from tension and the added pain that tension causes. Tolerance builds up quickly. Opioids can quickly cause tolerance to occur. As a result, people who regularly take these painkillers find that they need to take higher and higher dosages of the drug they are on in order to get the same effect. In addition to physical tolerance, people develop psychological tolerance as they become desensitized to the effects of the drug. Tolerance is one of the key signs that addiction is developing. Often, people who are becoming addicted to narcotic painkillers believe they need more of the drug because their pain is getting worse. But the worsening is often a result of the painkiller use itself. The ups and downs of a developing addiction because physical behaviors such as overuse of an injured part of the body, poor posture resulting from a lack of sensation when in positions that would otherwise be uncomfortable, and a lack of moderate exercise that would otherwise strengthen the weakened area (Hartney, 2011). Instead of correcting these bad habits, the person will often just take more painkillers, creating a vicious cycle of physical neglect being concealed by the effects of the drugs. As people become addicted to painkillers, they experience withdrawal when the drug wears off. Withdrawal is very unpleasant, and it often feels like an intensifying of the very symptoms the person was trying to escape through taking the painkillers. Pain, digestive problems and feelings of being generally unwell are common. As soon as the drug is taken, the unpleasant withdrawal symptoms disappear, and the person feels relieved of pain, relaxed, and free of tension and emotional distress. Over time, the person will choose to manage withdrawal symptoms through regularly taking more painkillers, sometimes without even realizing the withdrawal symptoms are caused by the drug itself (Hartney, 2011). The physical signs of addiction. Many times, painkiller addicts do not recognize the signs of their addiction until their behavior is pointed out to them. Painkillers can cause slurred speech and depression that they often attribute to other causes. Other physical symptoms of painkiller addiction include the inability to concentrate, lack of coordination and dizziness. Health care providers often recognize the symptoms because of declining blood pressure levels and slow, labored breathing. Narcotic painkillers also produce constipation. In addition to the obvious physical signs that result in unusual behavior, people who are addicted to painkillers begin to exhibit other behaviors inconsistent with their usual habits. Students often begin to find more reasons to stay home from school and start to receive falling grades. Lethargy and reduced energy levels are very common to painkiller addicts and are especially notable when they were previously considered active and enjoyed physical activities. Appearance becomes less important to addicts, and they may begin to have money troubles that lead them to ask for loans and get behind in their bills. As a painkiller addict withdraws from the drugs, the signs of addiction become more apparent. The National Institutes of Health reports that withdrawal from opioid painkillers brings on bone aches, chills, insomnia, diarrhea and vomiting. Involuntary leg movements, restlessness and muscle pain also may be present. People withdrawing from painkillers should be medically supervised during the first few days of treatment because the symptoms can be life threatening. Withdrawal from sedatives and tranquilizers can cause convulsions. Before taking pain medications, do your research Miotto of WebMD explains: â€Å"Weigh Your Risk Factors A history of addiction to prescription medicine or illicit drugs. Addiction to alcohol or tobacco. Family history of addiction. A history of mood disorders (such as depression or bipolar disorder), anxiety disorders (including PTSD), thought disorders (such as schizophrenia), and personality disorders (such as borderline personality disorder). Look at Other Options Physical therapy. Working with a psychologist to learn how to change your pain-related thoughts and behaviors. Alternative approaches such as acupuncture and tai chi. Those methods arent just for people who are at high risk for addiction. Theyre part of an overall pain management strategy that may include, but is not limited to, medications. Use the Medication for Its Proper Purpose If your doctor writes you a prescription that makes your pain more tolerable, and youre using it as directed, thats OK. But if youre using it for some other reason that your doctor doesnt know about, thats a red flag. For example, if you hate your job and youre taking the drug because you find it takes the edge off, thats a sign that you could develop a problem, says Karen Miotto, MD, an addiction psychiatrist at UCLA. Here are four warning signs that you may be misusing your prescription painkiller: Youre not taking the drug as prescribed. Youre taking the medicine for reasons other than why the doctor prescribed it. Your use of the drug has made you miss work or school, neglect your children, or suffer other harmful consequences. You havent been honest (with your doctor, loved ones, or yourself) about your use of the drug. Your doctor should work with you to limit addiction risk. She may ask you about how youre doing, give you a urine test to check for medication, and ask you to bring in all your medications so she can check how many are left and where the prescriptions came from. â€Å"If you feel like youre losing control over your pain medicine use, or if you have questions about whether youre becoming addicted to it, you may want to consult a doctor who specializes in pain medicine. He or she should listen to your concerns without judgment and take a reasoned approach. For instance, if she thinks you need to get off a certain drug, she might look into switching you to another drug with less potential for misuse. If your doctor isnt comfortable handling your situation, consider getting a second opinion from a psychiatrist or addiction specialist,† Miotto says. Pain-relieving drugs can lead to problems other than addiction. Keep opiates locked away so kids, teens, and others in your home cant take them. And be extra-cautious using other prescription and over-the-counter drugs along with opiates. Certain combinations could cause you to become unconscious, stop breathing, and even die (Miotto, 2012). Thousands of Americans rely on prescription painkillers for the relief of pain and discomfort from ailments such as headaches, menstrual cramps, surgery recovery or lingering pain from an injury. Unfortunately however, for many, this reliance on medication can easily and unknowingly turn into physical dependence. The scary fact is that the most commonly prescribed drugs including OxyContin, Vicodin, Methadone, Darvocet, Lortab, Lorcet and Percocet, while offering relief from pain, can also cause individuals bodies to start needing the drugs in order to feel normal, and the result is the new, even more challenging situation of chemical dependency Prescriptions to pain medication can be safe when taken according to the doctors instructions and are carefully monitored. However, it is important to recognize that they can also be very dangerous. Remember that dependency is a disease that can exhibit itself to even the most cautious individual. Therefore, anyone who is prescribed pain medications should take extra precautions to avoid the debilitating effects a dependency can have and watch for the warning signs (Bernstein, 2013) Celeste Vaughan states it correctly when she describes addiction, â€Å"When addiction takes control, Satan has a wide-open gate to enter and set up residence in your brain. He is the great justifier of all actions. He will provide you with excuses for the actions above to make you deny your addiction. The thoughts that you used to control now have a new pilot behind the wheel. And a sneaky one at that. If you do consider getting help, he will get inside your head and tell you all kinds of horrible things. Thinks like†¦No one will understand. Everyone will thing you’re weak. Friends will ever trust you again. Your husband will want a divorce. Your kids will be ashamed of you. And the worst one of all†¦If God truly loves you, he wouldn’t have let you get into this mess in the first place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. You are on a journey — possibly the most difficult of your life. Don’t let anyone tell you that addiction is impossible to overcome. I’m p roof it’s completely possible. After all, with God, all things are possible.† The disease of addiction affects over 23 million Americans. It is a disease that has no cure, and that, as a society, we have just begun to understand. Help fight the stigma that an addict faces by learning all you can about this disease and its affects. The physical aspects of opioid dependency improve after detox. But psychological addiction, temptation, and craving can last for years, even a lifetime. The truth is, most people will relapse on their way to full recovery from prescription drug addiction (Johnson, 2012). Staying on the path to health takes patience, loving relationships, and emotional resilience. People in drug abuse recovery need all the help they can get. Fortunately, tools and resources are available to help someone stay straight, and to pick them up if they stumble. â€Å"Consider it pure joy, my brothers and sisters, whenever you face trials of many kinds, because you know that the testing of your faith produces perseverance. Let perseverance finish its work so that you may be mature and complete, not lacking anything.† (James 1:2-4 NIV) References Clifford M.D., of The Waismann Institute. 10/6/2003. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24572 Hartney, Elizabeth PhD. February 20, 2011. Retrieved from http://addictions.about.com/od/substancedependence/tp/painkillers.htm Johnson, Kimball, MD. August 02, 2012. Maintaining Hope and Health during Drug Abuse Recovery. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/drug-abuse-recovery-maintaining-hope-and-health?page=2 Miotto, Karen, MD, professor of psychiatry and bio behavioral sciences, UCLA.. 2012. Pain Medication: Are You Addicted? What to know about becoming addicted to pain medications. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/features/pain-medication-addiction?page=2 Shamus, Kristen Jordan. October 20, 2013. Pain pills can be prescriptions for addiction, death. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/20/painkiller-overdoses-addiction/3107879/ Vaughan, Celeste. November 5, 2012. Biblical Christian help for drug addiction. Retrieved from http://drug.addictionblog.org/biblical-christian-help-for-drug-addiction/

The Tragedy of Emma Bovary :: essays research papers fc

The Tragedy of Emma Bovary "I've never been so happy!" Emma squealed as she stood before the mirror. " Let's go out on the town. I want to see Chorus and the Guggenhiem and this Jack Nicholson character you are always talking about." Emma Bovary in Woody Allen's The Kugelmass Episode. As I sit here pondering the life of Emma Bovary I wonder what it must have really been like for her. She was young, younger than I am now when she died. She was curious and bright and probably would have been a great college student; passionate but with her head a little bit in the clouds. Opportunities for women in the 1850's were, as we all know, extremely limited. I wonder if I would have fared much better than Emma if I had been as trapped as her. I also married young, but when I realized it had been a mistake I had the option of a divorce, Emma did not. I have had the opportunity to receive a good education and to choose for myself what path my life would take. I feel very sorry for Emma. Having never been given the opportunity to discover her true self or to develop her dreams and hopes for her future, all she had to base her aspirations on were trashy romance novels. I cannot imagine what my life would be like if all of my teenage curiosity had been forced to be satisfied by nothing but Danielle Steel romance novels. Emma strove to better herself and her situation. She wanted to reach the upper echelon of society; she wanted what we in this country refer to as the "american dream." She wanted more than her parents had. Emma wanted to feel great love and own nice things and live in a wonderful city. These are not things that are alien to most of us. Although it may be amusing to read Woody Allen's‘ #' 0*((a a ‘ take on what Emma Bovary might be like if she went to modern day New York, it must also be realized that he is not completely mistaken in his ideas of her character. In a very humorous manner, Woody Allen is able to sum up Emma's lust for life and her desire to experience and learn new things; to actually go out and live. Perhaps a trip such as the one described in Mr. Allen's short story would have been the thing to save Emma Bovary, although I doubt she would have ever wanted to go back to Yonville as she does in Allen's story.

The Powerful Images of A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, By Hemingway :: A Clean Well-Lighted Place Essays

The Powerful Images of Hemingway's A Clean, Well-Lighted Place The main focus of "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" is on the pain of old age suffered by a man that we meet in a cafe late one night. Hemingway contrasts light and dark to show the difference between this man and the young people around him, and uses his deafness as an image of his separation from the rest of the world. Near the end of the story, the author shows us the desperate emptiness of a life near finished without the fruit of its' labor, and the aggravation of the old man's restless mind that cannot find peace. Throughout this story stark images of desperation show the old man's life at a point when he has realized the futility of life and finds himself the lonely object of scorn. The most obvious image used by Hemingway in this story is that of the contrast between light and dark. The cafe is a "Clean, Well-Lighted Place". It is a refuge from the darkness of the night outside. Darkness is a symbol of fear and loneliness. The light symbolizes comfort and the company of others. There is hopelessness in the dark, while the light calms the nerves. Unfortunately for the old man, this light is an artificial one, and its peace is both temporary and incomplete. "... the tables were empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind." Maybe the old man hides in the shadows of the leaves because he recognizes the shortcoming of his refuge. Perhaps he is drawn to the shadows so that the darkness of his own age will not be so visible as it would be in the full force of the electric light. His body is dark with the effects of illness. Even his ears bring him a sort of darkness as they hold out the sounds of the world. The old man's deafness is also a powerful image used in the story. "...the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he could feel the difference." Deafness shuts the old man out from the rest of the world. In the day, everything must be a reminder to him of his disconnection from the world. The Powerful Images of A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, By Hemingway :: A Clean Well-Lighted Place Essays The Powerful Images of Hemingway's A Clean, Well-Lighted Place The main focus of "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" is on the pain of old age suffered by a man that we meet in a cafe late one night. Hemingway contrasts light and dark to show the difference between this man and the young people around him, and uses his deafness as an image of his separation from the rest of the world. Near the end of the story, the author shows us the desperate emptiness of a life near finished without the fruit of its' labor, and the aggravation of the old man's restless mind that cannot find peace. Throughout this story stark images of desperation show the old man's life at a point when he has realized the futility of life and finds himself the lonely object of scorn. The most obvious image used by Hemingway in this story is that of the contrast between light and dark. The cafe is a "Clean, Well-Lighted Place". It is a refuge from the darkness of the night outside. Darkness is a symbol of fear and loneliness. The light symbolizes comfort and the company of others. There is hopelessness in the dark, while the light calms the nerves. Unfortunately for the old man, this light is an artificial one, and its peace is both temporary and incomplete. "... the tables were empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind." Maybe the old man hides in the shadows of the leaves because he recognizes the shortcoming of his refuge. Perhaps he is drawn to the shadows so that the darkness of his own age will not be so visible as it would be in the full force of the electric light. His body is dark with the effects of illness. Even his ears bring him a sort of darkness as they hold out the sounds of the world. The old man's deafness is also a powerful image used in the story. "...the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he could feel the difference." Deafness shuts the old man out from the rest of the world. In the day, everything must be a reminder to him of his disconnection from the world.

Disney :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Final Copy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a girl was going to search for her Prince Charming, the first place she should look is in the world of animation. Animation has probably been around since the beginning of time. Although, the artwork that originally resembled animation was only one or two cels, animation today is made up of hundreds or thousands of cels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The early animated movies were black and white, did not have a plot, and were mostly a series of little gags. Then came ... COLOR. To make an animated movie popular, color was needed to give it style. Walt Disney and his technicians created color to make the movies more enjoyable for the viewers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What was the first Disney Movie to come out? It was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. To make this movie Disney ran into a slight problem. Sure, it was easy to animate animals, but humans? To solve the problem, they filmed live actors doing exactly what the characters would do. This would work, but there was still a problem with the size of objects and losing things in the foreground when the camera zoomed. The solution ... a multiplane camera. In this camera, instead of many layers of artwork, there would be two, the foreground and the background. This made zooming in and out easier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1940's there were four classical Disney feature animated movies to come out: Pinocchio, Dumbo, Fantasia, and, Bambi. Little did Walt Disney know that the five movies that he made would be the base for many more Disney movies. In the movie Pinocchio for example, a toy maker creates a puppet and when he makes a wish upon a star.....the puppet turns into a real boy. Dumbo was the next movie to come about from Disney. Dumbo is a movie that teaches, you can do anything if you put your mind to it. Now Fantasia on the other hand is a totally different kind of movie. It's a cartoon musical. Bambi was the next movie to come out. To some it might be called a tragedy. But to others it might be called a happy and joyful movie. It teaches you to fend for yourself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After World War II Disney came out with a few more feature animated movies such as: Cinderalla, Peter Pan, Lady and the Tramp, and Sleeping Beauty. One thing that Snow White, Cinderalla, and Sleeping Beauty all have in common is that they are all stories about princesses who live happily ever after with their prince.

Are monopolies necessarily less efficient than perfect competition Essay

This essay will look at efficiency between both a monopoly and a perfect competition, and whether a monopoly is necessarily less efficient than perfect competition. Using diagrams and equations reflecting the optimal choice of output, marginal revenue and marginal cost for monopolies, I will explain how efficiency is affected by low levels of production. At the same time monopolies can increase efficiency due to their ability in price discrimination, they price people differently and therefore people pay what they truly believe the good is worth. There needs to be a clear description of the differences between monopoly and perfect competition as well as efficiency; an analysis of deadweight loss and natural monopoly is also important with regards to the monopolies efficiency. Therefore even though a competitive economy is efficient and a monopoly suffers from certain inefficient levels of production it is not necessarily less efficient than perfect competition. A monopoly is a single supplier within a market that chooses to produce at any point on the market demand curve; they appear when other firms find it unprofitable or impossible to enter a market. The market becomes affected by high barriers to entry, which are split into technical and legal barriers. Technical barriers are created when the production of a good produces decreasing marginal and average costs over a wide range of output levels; in this situation, large scale firms are low cost producers. Another technical barrier to monopolies is their ability to discover a low cost production technique and having ownership over productive resources therefore preventing the formation of other firms. Legal barriers occur when a monopoly is created by the government as a matter of law, there is the creation of a patent that allows the one firm to use the basic technology for a product. Varian describes how monopolies arise within his writings, he states that monopolies develop when the minimum efficient scale is large relative to the size of the market, then the industry becomes a candidate for regulation or other forms of government intervention. A second way a monopoly may arise is when a number of different firms in an industry collude and restrict output in order to raise prices and therefore increase their profits. This form of industry is referred to as a cartel (Varian, 1996, p. 418-419). From this we can see that if demand is large relative to the MES (minimum efficient scale) a competitive market will arise, if it is small, a monopoly structure is possible. This is influences by both the technological level and economic policy influencing the size of the market. Before we analyse the efficiency of monopolies in comparison to perfect competition, it is necessary to set the basis of measurement for both the monopolies and perfectly competitive firms. This is set out in the First Theorem of Welfare Economics; which explains the relationship between perfect competition and the efficient allocation of resources. Attaining a Pareto efficient allocation of resources requires that the rate of trade off between any two goods should be the same for all economic agents. In a perfectly competitive economy, the ratio of the price of one good to another provides the common rate of trade off to which all agents will adjust. Because all agents face the same prices, all trade off rates will be equalised and an efficient allocation will be achieved (Snyder and Nicholson, 2005, p. 471). Varian however states that the First Theorem of Welfare Economics says nothing about the distribution of economic benefits; market equilibrium might not be a â€Å"just† allocation (Varian, 1996, p. 510-511). Therefore in essence the Theorem states that a competitive economy is efficient, if a monopolist behaves non-competitively then he is behaving inefficiently. It is seen that monopolies create a Pareto inefficient level of production, relative to perfect competition; monopoly involves a loss of consumer surplus for demanders. Some of this is transferred into monopoly profits, whereas some of the loss in consumer surplus represents a deadweight loss of overall economic welfare. Snyder and Nicholson describe Pareto efficient allocation as an allocation of resources, where it is not possible through further reallocations to make one person better off without making someone else worse off (Snyder and Nicholson, 2005, p. 467). Varian further explains that a competitive industry operates where price equals marginal cost, while a monopolised industry operates where price is greater than marginal cost; therefore a higher price creates a lower output (Varian, 1996, p.411-412). [pic] From the diagram above we can see that if we get the firm to behave as a competitor and take the market price as being set exogenously. Then we would have (Pc, Yc) for competitive price and output. If the firm recognised its influence on the market price and chose its level of output so as to maximise profits, we would see monopoly price and output (Pm, Ym). Since P(y) is greater than MC(y) for all the output levels between Ym and Yc, there is a whole range of output where people are willing to pay more for a unit of output than it costs to produce it. Clearly there is potential for Pareto improvement (Varian, 1996, p. 412-413). A measure of efficiency can be produced by analysing the total surplus for a given market; this is seen by subtracting the total cost from gross consumption benefits. The higher the level of total surplus the more efficient production becomes. If perfect competition leads to an efficient output level and a monopoly leads to less output then perfect competition, it must therefore be less efficient since the monopolist produces less than the total surplus maximising level of output. Areas B and C represent the deadweight loss of a monopoly. As we move from the monopoly level of output to the competitive level of output we â€Å"sum up† the distances between the demand curve and the marginal cost curve to generate the value of the lost output due to the monopoly behaviour (Varian, 1996, p. 414-415). The loss arises because consumer gain from increasing output is larger then marginal cost but monopolies are not able to produce more. The output produced by a monopoly may not be the only thing brought up into question; quality is also an important factor regarding the efficiency of a monopoly. Whether a monopoly produces a higher or lower quality good than would be produced under competition depends on demand and the firm’s costs. The difference between the quality choice of a competitive industry and the monopolist is that the monopolist looks at the marginal valuation of one more unit of quality assuming that output is at its profit maximising level. The competitive industry looks at the marginal value of quality averaged across all output levels. Even if they were to both opt for the same output level, their quality preferences may be different. John Jewkes gives an explanation of the grounds upon which a single producer monopoly would defend its cause. The case was raised by the British Oxygen Company Ltd, which produced four points for its protection. The monopoly itself was achieved purely as a result of efficiency; the monopoly supply within the industry is more efficient than any other arrangement. With capital equipment being extremely costly and transport charges high, there would either be a duplication of equipment keeping costs up or there would be many local monopolies catering for local markets. The company had kept its prices and profits without exploiting its monopoly position, as well as keeping a strong record in research and technical progress. In this case the commission discovered that the monopoly was using its position to charge higher prices, however they accepted that there might be technical advantages in the creation of monopolies (Jewkes, 1958, p. 16-17). It seems as though there will need to be a form of regulation so as to create monopolies which keep to the efficient level of production. Technically all the regulator has to do is set price equal to marginal cost, and profit maximisation will do the rest. However, this analysis leaves out the fact that it may be that the monopolist would make negative profits at such a price. [pic] Here the minimum point of the average cost curve is to the right of the demand curve, and the intersection of demand and marginal cost lies underneath the average cost curve. Even though the level of output Ymc is efficient, it is not profitable. The natural monopolist will be unable to cover its costs and therefore run out of business. If the government was to regulate it then a point such as (Pac, Yac) would be a natural operating position. Here the firm is selling its product at the average cost of production, so it covers its costs, but it is producing too little output relative to the efficient level of output. The government may interfere and operate the natural monopoly, they let it operate where price equals marginal cost and provide a subsidy to keep the firm in operation; however it may be viewed that subsidies represent inefficiency (Varian, 1996, p. 416-418). Governments often choose to regulate natural monopolies which can affect the behaviour of regulated firms and may not necessarily lead to an efficient outcome. The idea that competitive pressures produce maximum technical efficiency may not necessarily be true; competition does not guarantee that inefficiency will not arise. The assumptions that surround perfect competition and their production of maximum technical efficiency include; firms maximising profits, they have complete knowledge of available techniques and associated costs and that there is free entry. The first two assumptions apply to monopolies and perfect competition, the final assumption states that free entry guarantees maximum technical efficiency. However at best free entry guarantees a higher level of efficiency; this is because it eliminates inefficient firms. It is not a suitable explanation for superior efficiency, since there may be other sources of efficiency, including scale economies which favour monopolies (Schwartzman, 1973, p. 759-762). There can be greater efficiency from a monopoly if we were to take price discrimination into account. Price discrimination is the practise whereby different buyers are charged different prices for the same good. It is a practise which cannot prevail in a competitive market because of arbitrage: those offered lower prices would resell to those offered higher prices and so a seller would not gain from discrimination. Its existence therefore suggests imperfections of competition (Gravelle and Rees, 1992, p. 274). A monopoly engages in price discrimination if it is able to sell otherwise identical units of output at different prices. If the firm is able to identify and separate each buyer, they may be able to charge each buyer the maximum price they would be willing to pay for each good; this is referred to as perfect or first degree price discrimination which extracts all consumer surpluses and creates no deadweight loss. In first degree price discrimination the monopolist can extract all the consumer surplus of each buyer. Total output of the good is at the level at which each buyer pays a price equal to marginal cost; thus we have the â€Å"competitive outcome†. Monopoly does not distort the allocation of resources, and so we have a Pareto efficient outcome, with the monopolist receiving all the gains from trade. Any objection to monopoly would therefore have to be on the grounds of equity, fairness of the income distribution rather than efficiency (Gravelle and Rees, 1992, p. 276). It is evident that price discrimination produces a more efficient outcome since buyers are paying the amount which they believe the good is worth. If one buyer wants the good more then another then he should be willing to pay more for it. It is extremely difficult for a monopoly to separate each individual buyer; a less stringent requirement would be to assume that the monopoly can separate its buyers into a few identifiable markets. This third degree price discrimination requires the monopoly to know the price elasticity’s of demand for each market, and set price according to the inverse elasticity rule. MC= (a) (b) We let ei and ej be the price elasticity’s of demand in the respective sub markets, equation (b) therefore comes out of a re-arrangement of equation (a). If ei=ej, then clearly there will be no discrimination, but there will be as long as the elasticity’s are unequal at the profit maximising point. We can see that in maximising profit the monopolist will always set a higher price in the market with the lower elasticity of demand (Gravelle and Rees, 1992, p. 274-275). All the monopolist needs to know is the price elasticity of demand for each market and set price according to the inverse elasticity rule. In conclusion it is evident that monopolies create inefficiency due to the low output levels which they produce at. A monopoly produces at a level where price is greater then marginal cost and therefore its output is reduced, in comparison to perfect competition where price is equal to marginal cost. Taking regulation into account still means that a monopoly is inefficient since it is being supported by subsidies from the government. However perfect competition is not necessarily more efficient then a monopoly firm, when looking at the basic assumptions of perfect competition in terms of efficiency, we can see that a difference arises due to free entry within the market. It is easy to assume that just because there is free entry it means that firms are forced to reach their highest point of efficiency, there is an increase however the maximum is not guaranteed. At the same time if a monopoly price discriminates it can achieve strong levels of efficiency. Therefore a monopolist is not necessarily less efficient than firms within perfect competition. C B Pm Pc Ym Yc MR Demand MC Output Price AC MC Demand Output Price Pac Pmc Yac Ymc Losses to the firm from marginal cost pricing [pic] [pic].

A Smoke Free Campus Health And Social Care Essay

stack-free campus a exact of educatee locoweed expression and mental attitudes towards mess slight policies in University H altogether t h adept(a)st-to-goodnesss of manseBackground grass at heart high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) command students in the UK is oft du balancens over suppo regaind payable to comprehend dep everyowed preponderance, neverthe slight with increased eng matu directment and increase Numberss of international scholars inside UK universities sess preponderance whitethorn set aside increased. slew-free mandate law, introduced in the UK in 2007, applies to university in eachowance key. Sm exclusively causal sequencency exists on the op mooring of wood pussyless policies in UK high instruction nonmigratoryial environments.PurposesTo handbill grass airs within scholars and the carry on of toiletless constitution in a higher(prenominal) training environment.MethodsA cross-section(a) online eng sequenc e was delivered to resident physicians within university trying on to mensurate consume prevalence, style and attitudes toward pot, origin to block off, acquaintance of ratless insurance and situations on insurance insurance insurance form _or_ formation of government explicatement. Logistic arrested development theoretical narrations were use to explore forecasters for im grow to baccy plant plant plant plant plant plant plant plant plant plant green goddess and motives to go bad.ConsequencesA sum of 637 disciples responded to the analyse of which 587 were eligible to pass on part and were admit in the scene. The bulk of respondents were home schoolchilds from the UK ( 67.3 % ) , depression yr at a lower head grade scholars ( 66.3 % ) and female ( 57.8 % ) . locoweed prevalence within a residential pupil existence was calcu slowlyd at 38.3 % , higher in males ( 57.3 % ) than females ( 42.7 % ) though this was non of appearc omeeely different ( OR 0.72, 95 % CI 0.52-1.01, p=0.06 ) . Non-daily baccy plant exploiters were less prob fitted to purpose themselves as baccy substance ab substance abusers and those who started weed at a younger age ar to a greater extremity(prenominal) probable to sedate off bugger off. savants were b oppositeed if both(prenominal) different(a) bulk stinker close to them ( 60.3 % ) . by and by seting for gender and organize state, pupils were 10 judgment of convictions more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) in all prob competency to mind if early(a) people muckle near ( OR 0.1, 95 % CI 0.06-0.15, P & lt 0.001 ) . A go come forward step forward of pupils did non impersonate with cosmos a baccy user ( 32.4 % ) , virtuoso-one-half(prenominal) of non-daily tobacco users were in this meeting. oer twain tierces of tobacco users imagineed to discontinue at salubrious-nigh come out.The bulk of pupils ( 70.9 % ) s tate that they were on a incessant beneath construction opened to former(a)wise(a) peoples tobacco fastball on University premises. Inside university abodes, 17.9 % were on a veritable(a) basis break-danced to deal. The adaptation site, the pupils weed shoes and if the pupil eatages in accesss argon self-sufficing forecasters of organismness noticed to good deal interior abodes. intimacy of kittyless insurance constitution with a university residential stab is unsexed, as is enforcement and whence supremacy. An appetite exists for insurance development towards restricted out-of-door tummy.Decision pot prevalence within UK higher instruction pupil creations whitethorn be higher than normally perceive, though purposes to discontinue argon describe. K straight off get intoge of muckleless policies within university revision is uneven and enforcement application is low, though an appetency for insurance indemnity development exists.Introduction Acc ounting for intimately 79,0001 deceases from colligate diseases and health results from each one twelvemonth, the skinny is astray acknow guideged as the various(prenominal) nearly harmful, preventable salubriousness load in England.Equally severe as the explicit wellness set up of sess for the nation, the unexpressed cost load of grass cerebrate wellness concerns to the NHS is estimated at well-nigh ?5.2 meg per social disunite2.Media advertisement and sponsorship of featuring events by tobacco plant companies were illegalise in 2002-20033 and in 2007 Article 84 of the World wellness ecesis ( WHO ) mannequin Convention on Tobacco entertain ( 2005 ) 5 was expanded utter the security visor of the populace from icon to tobacco bullet.Smoke-free polity law in or so states had pre-empted these expanded guidelines, with the UK pha gabble the debut of dumbbellless canon law, England existence the net state to down dopeless insurance in July 2007. T he enactment law bans take in in humankind edifices, devise posts and vehicles utilise for calculate intents and allow ins offices, fabrication premises, the mental reception industry and so forth Exceptions to the ordinance law can be betray for designated quiescency lives in hotels and other(a) residential establishments, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as prisons and pupil enrolment.A move into of surveies underinterpreted shortly pursuance the debut of the formula law suggested deductionant increases in quit efforts and decreases in roll of tobacco prevalence receivable to the legislation6, although this was belief to h r be slowed over time7. A reappraisal of reasonableness published by the University of Bath in March 20118 loosely concord with these findings.A bidd comprehensive reappraisal of the impact of dumbbell-free statute law, scheduled for 2010, was non undertaken as the regimen matt-up that the statute law is forgeing9.Smoking within the hig her instruction pupil race is non widely regarded as a peculiar job, with dope being more traditionally united to manual occupations10. However, with late enterprises to widen engagement in higher(prenominal) knowledge making a more assorted pupil nation, along with falsify magnitude Numberss of international pupils, mevery another(prenominal) from states whither locoweed is more prevailing than in the UK, grass prevalence within the pupil organic structure whitethorn throw increased.Datas made functional by the University of Leicester s linked GP opepro messn to Leicester City PCT, by blottos of the NHS tincture Management and Analysis System ( QMAS ) , suggests that around 10 % of the pupils registered with the pattern are save as tobacco users. This in crapation mustinessiness be treated as indicative due to a traffic pattern of operators including the build in character of QMAS ingest data11 the circumstance that those registered with the surgery will just now be a proportion of the boilersuit pupil population plus the possible for misreporting of heater side when registering with the surgery ( up to 2000 pupils register in Halls of Residence on the initial pass of the academic twelvemonth when parents are oft quantify present ) , although the go through is loosely in line with the findings of the National Census of assimilators12. anecdotic and observed reasonableness within the University s residential environment suggests that a physique of pupils who start university as non- pasturagers become tobacco users in stage to fit-in with others some tobacco users begin to fastball more to a great extent, whilst some former tobacco users start to stinkpot oneness time more, as suggested by overaged interrogation in the USA13. Furthermore, some insouciant or social tobacco users whitethorn non pop themselves as consumers14. 15Whilst old enquiry has been conducted into the impacts of git-free polity boilersu it, along with unique(predicate) surveies foc employ upon health care, particularly in mental wellness scenes, elflike or no research focussed upon a higher instruction scene is apparent.This field, hence, aims to visor pupil attitudes towards smoke and the impact of smoke-free policy within a higher(prenominal) Education residential scene. The keep up investigates circulating(prenominal) green goddess appearance within the resident pupil population, cognition of up-to-date smoke policy within the residential try-on and the possible effects of future extensions of policy to make a smoke-free campus.Literature ReviewA lit reappraisal was undertaken to set up and reiterate the background to the watch over under victorious and old lean published in the un sophisticate. Searches of pro launch academic databases Embase ( 1980 2012 ) Ovid MEDLINE ( 1996 2012 ) and Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge were undertaken, accessed through and through the University of Nottingh am s e-library gateway. A keyword inquisition was performed utilizing the keywords university higher instruction college and pupil. Title phrase hunt clubs were performed utilizing the footings smok $ policy take ban $ smoke-free no smoke sens absorb got and tobacco bind. The keyword hunt was feature with each claim phrase utilizing the Boolean and operator in order to contract and concentrate the hunt consequences.The resulting counts of paperss returned by the one-third hunts were compared and imitation consequences discounted. A ocular scan of rubrics and abstracts was so performed to separate out documents related to subjects exterior the focal point of this stare. The relatively slender externalize of documents retained for comprehension were downloaded in salutary text edition edition formatting and read. Pertinent kit and boodle cited within the documents, which had non appeared within the database hunt consequences, were searched for utilizin g Google and, where gettable and relevant, downloaded for inclusion body. It must be acknowledged that no effort was made to source gray-headed literature which whitethorn deferment undefended surveies with contrasting findings16.Relatively beautiful work was piece on the topic of the effects of smoke-free policies in higher instruction residential environments, with the bulk of documents nominate associating to surveies undertaken in marriage America. A sum of 19 documents were determine through the literature hunt and include within the reappraisal. A stately of the hunt scheme and consequences are presented in accessory A and B severally.Smoking in pupilsSmoking within pupil populations of the UK has received small attending within the research literature. However, a figure of surveies dedicate been undertaken, preponderantly in the US and Canada, which focussed on the make do of pupil smoke and the sureness of baccy control methods to attenuate down prevalenc e.A organic structure of research work was undertaken within the US in the late 1990 s and early 2000 s future(a) an addition of roll of tobacco prevalence within the un time-tested grownup ( 18 to 24 old ages ) population throughout the 1990 s, and more relevantly, an addition in smoking prevalence within college and university students17, 18. Much of this work focussed on baccy control methods within the higher instruction sector of North America. Etter et al19 had, in time, begun to look at a alike issue in Geneva, Switzerland in 1999, pursuit take work undertaken in 1996. Etter et al19 re do itd that, despite Federal Swiss Torahs aimed at work force surety from baccy fume introduced in 1993, smoking prevalence in Geneva within grownups was in the order of 40 % for work forces and 33 % in females, with prevalence amongst adolescents attribute round doubled within the old decennary. some(prenominal) of the studies14, 17, 18, 20-25 set that college or university old ag es are possibly the most meaningant enclothe in a tobacco user s career as, in m all countries, the 18 to 24 age group is the youngest age group at which baccy companies can aim advertisement and promotions17, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26. potential inconsistency alterations in fortunes and peer groups at this age could either initiate smoke behavior, or convert casual tobacco users to change smokers14, 18, 20-25.Smoking prevalence in pupilsIn a equivalence of pupils from 23 states, Steptoe et al27 institute that smoking prevalence varied widely across the humans and among genders, as previously suggested by Lopez et al28. Steptoe et als27 findings suggested smoking prevalence amongst the hear of pupils from England to be 29 % in work forces and 28 % in adult females, although reaction judge whitethorn be misdirecting as the remove was administered to those in category, preferably than the whole pupil cohort. Green et al21 set in motion that amongst an 18 to 24 twelvemonth age group, non-college educated immature grownups were twice every good turn apt(predicate) to smoke than those enrolled in or prop gradatory college, although Green et als21 prevalence figures shed well below those describe by an ongoing one-year monitoring determine in the US. Wechsler et al17 gear up that an boilers suit smoke prevalence of 26.8 % reduced to 21 % in a sub-population heart in smoke-free allowance, compared to 30.6 % in unrestricted lodging, with those who were non regular tobacco users prior to age 19 demoing a lower leaning to smoke if base in non-smoking abodes. Hahn et al29 inform a 32 % decrease in smoking rate to 19.4 % within a pupil exemplar in an country with comprehensive, long-standing smoke-free Torahs compared to a 21 % decrease within an country of relatively recent no smoke regulations, though Hahn et al29 recognised that smoking rate within the comparative age group, nationally, put down over the same period. Etter et al19, further, set no alteration in smoking prevalence future(a) the debut of a smoke-free policy in university edifices.Smoking behavior and attitudes towards smokingWhere in most surveies tobacco users were categorised by smoking frequence or ingestion, the appellative of smokers was raised by iceberg lettuce et al14, 23 as an issue of concern blether the measuring of smoking prevalence. berg et al23 demonstrate that over half of respondents to a reading of pupils, who had smoke-dried a pose stick out within the old 30 yearss, did non place themselves as tobacco users. In their posterior work, iceberg et al14 suggested that a conf utilize form of standards were contemplated by pupils in order to intend a tobacco user. These standards strandd from frequence and graduated table of ingestion, pasture since induction of smoking behavior and the act of smoking all in all ( versus social smoke at parties and so on ) , to whether a individual buys coffin call fors, exhibits the magnate to discontinue calorie-free or expose a wont. In some instances temperament and physical features were cited as specifying a tobacco user.Further to the designation, and self-importance-identification, of the identify as a tobacco user, the definition of smoking position becomes progressively complex when let the cat out of the bag the smorgasbord of tobacco users. Berg et al14 plant that within focal point group participants, all of whom were tobacco users, several partitions of smoker were set including regular, occasional, or societal tobacco users . virtually participants were untalkative as to the designation of societal tobacco users as tobacco users nevertheless, the groups go through trouble in specifying precisely when a social tobacco user becomes a smoker . Hassmiller et al30 identify the being of non-daily tobacco users as a discreet class of tobacco user exhibiting settled forms of smoke, reprobate to old suggestions that non-daily or societal smoke is a impermanent phase surrounded by either induction and day-to-day smoke, or daily smoke and quitting. Berg et al31 represent that being a non-daily tobacco user was non needs synonymous with being a social tobacco user, as 42 % of non-daily smoke respondents reported top dogly smoking in state of aff breedss other than those deemed to be societal.Nichter et al32 found that a differentiation existed amongst acceptable and unacceptable smoke, wherein smoke whilst suck at parties was mostly considered acceptable and non truly smoking . However, Nichter et al32 to a fault found that complex regulations use to insouciant smoke at parties to enable members of both genders to look cool on the one manus, but to non smoke overly much, or removed the caller context on the other.The mixed bag of smoking position was approached a figure of ways within the literature. Some documents excessively dichotomised respondents to studies as tobacco user or non-smoker18, 19 , 21, 25, 26, 29, where some subdivided the tobacco user class into groups such(prenominal)(prenominal) as day-to-day and non-daily smokers31.Motivation to discontinue smokeMoran et al33 and Berg et al14, 23 found that those college pupils who denied their position as tobacco users, or identify themselves as occasional tobacco users, were less presumable to try to discontinue smoke. Berg et al31 identify that less frequent tobacco users, those who guide to relieve ennui and those with less smoking friends, exhibited increased preparedness to discontinue, peculiarly if smoking bars were apply. Butler et al34, nevertheless, found that 88 % of tobacco users in a review livek stated that smoke-free Torahs did non alter their attitude towards discontinuing, although the come off group was of a comparatively little size.Positions on the impacts of a smoke-free policyBaillie et al25 found that whilst m either of the establishments surveyed in their survey claimed to run smoke-f ree campus policies, many were genuinely smoke-free indoor policies and that none of the universities were alone smoke-free. The survey identified that some establishments whitethorn moderate edifices that are situated on existence streets, where a smoke-free policy would non be enforceable. The paper at any rate identified that smoke-free campus policies whitethorn be impossible on big campuses where pupils and stave may back up to go long distances in order to smoke off campus, and that these policies may non cut down smoke, but instead displace any smoke body process to countries instantly outside the campus boundary, which may impact dealingss with neighbors.Berg et al24 found that pupils who were older, female, populating only, without kids or whose parents forbidden smoke in the place were more receptive to smoke-free campus policies. The survey besides found that pupils within four twelvemonth universities were more receptive to smoke-free policies than those go toing cardinal twelvemonth colleges, although smoking rank were higher in the latter.Butler et al34 found that 87 % of participants found a smoke-free policy within edifices on campus real or slightly of import nevertheless, at that place was discrepancy between the sub-groups of the try out. Of those populating on campus, 77 % found the policy truly of import versus 63 % of participants populating in other locations, whilst solely 46 % of live tobacco users found the policy really of import compared to 76 % of non-smokers, although a higher per centum of those populating off-campus were topical tobacco users.In a pattern of 23 universities and 13 colleges in Canada in 2005, Hammond et al22 found that, of those with pupil lodging, 81 % of universities and 75 % of colleges had implemented smoke-free policies within enrollment. Smoking limitations were operated in designated out-of-door countries in 32 % of universities and 57 % of colleges, whilst two universities reported campus-wide smoke prohibitions which include out-of-door countries. However, when asked to place the most of import issues environing pupil wellness, that 16 % of sample establishments cited smoke, with 23 % of university representatives describing that, relative to other issues, baccy usage was really of import 57 % of college representatives reported smoking issues as non really of import . Further, 20 % of university and 29 % of college respondents perceived a batch of pupil assert for strong baccy control policies on their campuses.Etter et al19 found that 32 % of participants in an intercession group, tattle a smoke-free policy with limited designated smoke countries, responded with positive re stains, with 8 % noticing vetoly. The negative remarks highlighted within the paper referred more towards the execution of the policy, instead than the effectivity. Interestingly, the bulk ( 60 % ) of the intercession group gave no cerebrations sing the policy or it s execution, which may propose either indifference towards the policy or a low impact on respondents.Rigotti18 assessed pupil buy at for a figure of baccy control policies put forrader by the American College Health companionship and American Cancer Society. The survey found that 75 % of pupils surveyed were in favor of a smoke prohibition in all campus edifices, including abodes and eating countries. Within tobacco users, 45 % answered positively sing a prohibition on smoke in abodes, although support was reciprocally related to ingestion of baccy merchandises, with just 29 % of heavily ( a?10 coffin nails per twenty-four hours ) tobacco users in favor compared to 58 % of occasional ( a1 coffin nail per twenty-four hours ) tobacco users. Of those pupils populating in modification non assailable to a smoke-free policy, 58 % stated that they would prefer a smoke-free policy to be introduced.A longitudinal survey of attitudes towards smoking ordinances on campus, reported on by Seo et al26, found that pupils go toing a campus with a smoke-free air policy were more credibly to restrict favorable attitudes towards smoke-free policies than those go toing a control campus with no such policy.Gerson et al20 looked at the impact of smoke-free policies within higher instruction abodes from an administrative point of position. on with assorted impacts on costs through both decrease in amendss to edifices, fixtures and changes and an addition in outgo on g fashion equipment and smoke waste receptacles, decision makers identified positive impacts of smoke-free policies within abodes. such impacts were lessenings in roomie struggles, increased pupil, parent and alumni satisfaction, look at for on-campus adjustment and forbiding of ongoing occupants.Baillie et al25 found that within a sample of universities in Canada in 2009, the execution of baccy control policy was disjointed. In those establishments that had developed smoke-free policies, the survey found that execution, monitoring and enforcement were some times debatable due to responsibility being passed to persons or groups who had non been flicked in policy development those responsible for the policy place moved on and duty non holding been transferred or a deficiency of apply support for monitoring of the policy.RestrictionsA figure of restrictions and guard chemical elements exist with respect to the literature reviewed. The comparatively little organic structure of work appears to be mostly undertaken by a little figure of generators in the field. It is besides recognised that several of these documents are establish around the same field of vignette informations, potentially restricting the part of subsequently works to the collection of grounds through six-fold numeration of findings.The types of survey presented in the documents must be borne in head whilst construing the consequences. Of the 19 documents reviewed, 16 news report on cross-sectional surveies seven documents reported the usage of basal data20, 22, 24-27, 31 whilst the staying nine reported unessential psychoanalysis of datasets14, 17, 18, 21, 23, 30, 32-34. One paper reported a case-control intercession trial19, one a cohort meditate29 and one reported an observational model28. Cross-sectional surveies, whilst leting the measuring of linkup, are non able to measure causality between variables. Therefore, it is of import to stay aware that, whilst decreases in smoking prevalence in some surveies may be attributable to the debut of or ongoing impact of smoke policy, other external factors non assessed by the survey may besides lend to the feel findings, as noted by Hahn et al29.Six of the documents twisting informations assemblage practice academic sittings which offered inducements to respondents14, 22, 24, 26, 29, 31. Whilst this can be a comparatively common pattern to lift a higher rate of solution, prime(a) diagonal may be introduced which may compromi se the cogency of the findings. Many of the surveies involved self-reporting by respondents which may hold led to resolution prejudice through the inclusion of socially desirable replies, or mark prejudice in footings of steps of ingestion, etc. No biochemical confirmation was used in any of the surveies.Conf employ variables, such as demographic factors, were suitably taken into account statement in most of the surveies, with one survey focusing on imbibing as a major confounder for smoking32.The reporting of trying and en hearing of respondents is variable within the documents. Some papers14, 17, 19, 24, 27, 30, 33 discussed random dismantle techniques applied, where others contained small item sing sample selection20, 23, 29, 34. Additionally, a figure of the surveies reported comparatively low response pass judgment which may impact the dependability and generalizability of the findings presented. Response rates varied from 18 % to 90 % . Berg et al14 reported the posit ions of focal point groups of tobacco users nevertheless, the choice procedure for these groups is belike to hold discounted those occasional tobacco users who do non place themselves as smokers .The documents affecting informations and positions of establishment functionaries and campus informants20, 22, 25 should be treated with cautiousness as the dependability of responses may be compromised in order to portray the establishment in a positive mode. Besides, those establishments that take a more pro- mobile attack to tobacco control may be more credibly to react to such surveies than other.DecisionThe bulk of the grounds reviewed nowadayss a consistent position that a smoke-free policy within high Education environments has a mensurable link with alterations in smoking prevalence and behavior. The grounds, nevertheless, suggests that, whilst a smoke-free policy is potentially effective in cut downing smoke or promoting discontinuing within those who identify themselves as tobacco users, it may be less so in the instance of non-regular or social tobacco users.Whilst surveies undertaken in other states may non needfully generalise to equal populations and scenes in the UK, the grounds provides a good base from which to look into smoke and the impact of smoke-free policies within the higher(prenominal) Education sector, and particular(prenominal)ally within the residential environment.Purposes and AimsAim of the surveyTo measure pupils smoking behavior and the impact of smoke-free policy in a Higher Education residential environment.AimsTo mensurate the prevalence of smoking within the resident pupil population To look into pupils smoking behavior and attitudes towards smoke To look into pupils motive on discontinuing smoke To look into positions of pupils sing enforcement, success and range of smoke-free policy To look into positions on possible here subsequentlywards policy development.MethodsA theater of pupils within University of Leicester residential adjustment was carried out in January March 2012. good blessing was granted by the University of Nottingham medical School Research Ethics delegacy ( allude no. F8122011, beguile attachment C )Instruments and ProceduresData assemblage was undertaken utilizing electronic self-completion questionnaires in two formats online and face-to-face utilizing a inkpad gizmo.Development of the questionnaireThe battleground questionnaire was designed utilizing hatfulGizmo, an on-line(a) pack tool, available free to pupil users, leting reliable informations aggregation. The tool allows the creative activity of efficient, professional16, 35 looking on-line studies, incorporating register filtering ( the ability to automatically re-direct respondents to specific inquiries based on old replies ) duplicate response protection and informations download for usage in MS Excel and statistical bundles for analysis. Electronic studies using motion filtering can assist do questi onnaire completion more efficient and loving to respondents by merely uncovering inquiries pertinent to the person based on old replies supplied. This may cut down leave rates due to the visual view of non-applicable inquiries. Further, the layout and presentation of electronic studies can be customised to expect respondents reading in earlier and orienting responses based on extrovert questions36.The cross-sectional questionnaire comprised of a upper limit of 21 closed treble pick inquiries, some with free text Fieldss for some other responses, along with a free text field for any other remarks that were non cover within the lead. The usage of free text Fieldss are frequently utile for gaining illumination of replies to closed inquiries deriving penetration into issues linked to but non covered within the study and general comments16, 37. The questionnaire collected informations on demographics ( e.g. gender, age, year/level of survey ) smoking activity ( e.g. smoker/no n-smoker, smoking autobiography, topographic points ingest, ingestion, film to tobacco fume ) consciousness of smoke policy within university adjustment ( e.g. inside informations of policy, effects of breaching policy ) attitudes towards policy development and motive towards discontinuing.The questionnaire incorporated and adapted a figure of inquiries previously used in big scale studies such as the Health Survey for England ( HSE ) 200938 British mixer Attitudes Survey 200839 Survey of Smoking, Drinking and dose Use 200840 and Smoking Toolkit Study41. A pre-pilot exercising ( see attachment E ) was undertaken with somewhat 34 pupils, in little groups, populating in similar university adjustment to assist develop and measure the reading of the inquiries to be include in the study and the linguistic discourse used16. During this exercising it became evident that the usage of casual language37 upgraded battle with the audience and made the inquiries more personal and relevant to the respondent and their experiences, attitudes and behaviors. In this respect, a figure of inquiries were used from studies aimed at younger age groups, as pupils did non needfully place with the response options available in the HSE which uses a much perennial study to roll up extremely figure out informations. The range of the survey study did non let this degree of item to be collected. It besides became evident during this exercising that some respondents who smoked required motivating to place themselves as tobacco users. This was addressed by the inclusion of a extra smoke position interrogationination, which was asked of respondents who stated that they had neer smoked, by agencies of a filter inquiry ( see concomitant I ) .The bill of exchange concluding study was farther tested by a little choice of pupils and cardinal professionals, including Leicester City Smoking Cessation Team, University of Leicester rose-cheeked Living Coordinator and the residentia l Support Manager. pursuit the study period, all informations collected was downloaded and unbroken in a secure, watchword saved database. As the study was anon. no personal informations were accessible by any 3rd parties.Delivery MethodsIn order to realise pep pill of completion and to cut down imaginativeness ingestion, the study questionnaire was provided in electronic format for online or face-to-face completion.Online completionThe online study was promoted by electronic institutionalise and by visors displayed in Halls of Residence.The electronic chain armor invitation was distributed by the University of Leicester s Residential and commercial-grade service, on behalf of the research player, in order that the research worker had no direct contact with any respondent s contact inside informations. The electronic place contained a draft background to the survey, along with a reassurance as to the confidentiality and namelessness of the informations to be collected35 ( see attachment F ) .The hyper link up to online studies generated by tools such as SurveyGizmo are frequently long, complex and easy to mistype as they contain internal mention codifications to place the set page to expose from within the tool s database. TinyURL42 is an online aid which can be used to make customised, shortened relate which automatically send the user to the original URL. These sawed-off links are less cumbrous to utilize, potentially more memorable and less inclined to mistyping than the system generated URL attributed by the online study software system. The TinyURL nexus was hence used to plead easy entree to the study.Posters displayed within the Halls of Residence contained similar information to that contained within the electronic mail, along with tear off go steady with the TinyURL nexus reference and a lively Response ( QR ) Code 1 ( see Appendix G ) . The QR codification displayed on the posting publicizing the study enabled users to link to th e online study utilizing their nomadic device.The nexus contained within the electronic mail and the postings directed the respondent to the invite page of the online study which incorporated a Answering Information Sheet and an certified Consent inquiry ( see Appendix H ) .A follow-up monitor electronic mail was distributed two hebdomads after the initial electronic mail to promote a higher response rate16, 36.Students were assure that they could non be identified from any responses and that all informations would be aggregated for presentation. This was of import to keep trust when arousing information sing policy breaches reported in the study. Respondents were besides offered the come about to have a sum-up of findings from the study one respondent requested this feedback.Face- to-face completionIn order to top-up the sample, adjacent the two hebdomad reminder electronic mail, face-to-face self-completion43 studies were undertaken utilizing a standalone recital of the qu estionnaire on a touch-screen tablet device utilizing an offline pas seul of SurveyGizmo. Responses were stored on the tablet device whilst in the field and so uploaded to the secure online SurveyGizmo database when machine-accessible to the web. These face-to-face completions were administered within a public scene within the Halls of Residence and respondents were asked if they had previously eat upd the study online to avoid duplicate responses. Previous research has suggested that mixed-method attacks to self-completion questionnaires yield consequences demoing small main(prenominal) difference36.Sampling MethodsThe original mark population was designed to figure about 2000 pupils, occupant within the University of Leicester s Oadby Student closure residences. This mark population consisted of preponderantly prime(prenominal) twelvemonth undergraduates, populating in a mix of catered and self-catered adjustment on a residential campus, off from the chief university campus .The electronic mail incorporating the hyperlink to the study was distributed by Residential and commercialized Services ( the University s abodes direction part ) who unwittingly distributed the nexus to all University of Leicester adjustment occupants, about 4700 pupils. The mark population sample was hence increased.Inclusion and exclusion standardsAll pupils shacking within the University possess and managed adjustments were included within the study.An electronic study, distributed via telecommunicate links can be capable to send oning by receivers, or circulation to unintentional receivers due to fractures in scattering lists etc. As the study was aimed at occupants within the University owned and managed adjustment, the first inquiry spare-time activity informed consent was used to find the eligibility of the respondent for inclusion within the survey. This eligibility inquiry asked where the respondent briefly resided whilst at university. Those reacting that they r esided in any signifier of university owned/managed adjustment were included within the survey. Those respondents saying that they lived in Private rented house/flat/room Parents place or Other were re-directed to a page informing them that they were non eligible to take portion in the survey, thanked for their clock time and offered links to halt smoke information web-sites.Smoke PolicyThe smoke-free statute law enacted in 2006 and implemented in England in July 200744 banned smoke in all workplaces, public edifices and vehicles used for work. The statute law does, nevertheless, allow freedoms to be made for residential environments, such as survey quiescency rooms in university abodes as these are defined as private life adjustment on a par with a individual s place. Communal countries within such constitutions are non covered by such freedoms.Following the national execution of statute law in 2007, the University of Leicester rolled out smoke-free policies across the bulk of its residential adjustment for the outgrowth of the 2007/08 academic session ( antecedently merely freshly construct adjustment had been designated as non-smoking ) , censoring smoke within the abode edifices, including survey sleeping rooms.As such, the current policy, as applied to the 2011/12 academic session during which this survey was undertaken, can be found in the Terms and Conditionss of Residence Academic family 2011/1245 produced by the University s Residential and Commercial Services section, which reads 3.8.1.11 You agree non to smoke in the Accommodation or the abode or within 2 meters of any door or window In order to measure cognition of the full extent of the policy within the study group, the policy diction was split into two straightforward response picks Smoking is non allowed at bottom and Smoking is non allowed within two meters of room accesss or Windowss .Analytic MethodsFollowing the decision of the study period, study response informations were downloaded from the SurveyGizmo platform into a secure, watchword saved informations store ready for analysis.One of the benefits of utilizing an on-line study tool is clip salvaging due to the remotion of the informations inputting process36. Although the informations were already mostly pre-coded for analysis during the design procedure within the study package, a important volume of re-coding was undertaken in order to group responses to inquiries for analysis. Classification of smoking position was undertaken following bing Health Survey for England classs and derived variables 46 modified somewhat to forge the study population. For illustration, where the HSE categorised used to smoke coffin nails on occasion and used to smoke on a regular basis , the two classs have been combined as used to smoke in order to account for little Numberss. These little Numberss of ex-regular tobacco users and heartrending tobacco users are most possible a manifestation of the age and backg round of the population.Univariate analyses were undertaken for all inquiries, followed by bivariate and multivariate analysis focussed around the subjects of the survey aims.Analysis was performed utilizing STATA 1147. rough-cut odds ratios, with 95 % assurance intervals, between the result and the chief exposure variables were mensurable utilizing logistic arrested development analysis.Where possible, informations were used to their fullest extent, with losing informations categorised as such when used as an exposure variable. Outcome variables were dichotomised and associations were examined. The suitableness of utilizing informations as uninterrupted or categorical variables was tested utilizing the likeliness ratio trial.The likeliness ratio trial was used to measure the boilers suit significance of variables in the univariate and multivariate analyses. statistical significance was assumed if p determine were less than 0.05.Exploratory analysis was undertaken of gage factor s of being unresolved to smoke in and around university adjustment utilizing a figure of exposure variables. Variables were considered as possible confounders if they were importantly associated with exposure to smoke in university adjustment. A backward arrested development theoretical account was used which started with all potentially of import variables those that were important ( p & lt 0.05 ) , taking the least statistically important variables, one by one, until all the staying variables were statistically important. The likeliness ratio trial was used to find whether a variable was important and added or remote from the theoretical account.ConsequencesThe study nexus was distributed to 4,700 pupils populating in University of Leicester residential adjustment. A sum of 637 ( 13.6 % ) pupils responded to the study, of these 587 consented to take portion in the study and passed the eligibility standards bad a engagement rate of 12.5 % . cardinal respondents decided non to take portion after reading the participant information sheet, 22 participants were unentitled as they no longer lived in university adjustment, and 23 respondents abandoned the study whilst finishing the demographic information ( see Mistake Reference graduation exercise non found ) .Figure. Recruitment and Survey Response rate of flow DiagramParticipantFlowDiagram.bmpParticipant FeaturesMistake Reference beginning non found summarises the demographic features of the 587 participants. Of the respondents, 57.8 % were female and 42.2 % were male. Almost two tierces ( 66.3 % ) of respondents were 1st twelvemonth undergraduates and over half ( 53.2 % ) were aged 18-19. The bulk of respondents were from the UK ( 67.3 % ) , 12.4 % were from European states and 7.2 % were pupils from China. elude demographic Characteristics of the Survey Participants ( and wider university population )Demographic features of pupils populating in university adjustment differ to the wider university popu lation ( correspondence with the university Residential and Commercial Services section confirms that greater Numberss of first twelvemonth pupils and international pupils live in university adjustment, explicating the difference in those that responded to the study in equivalence to the wider university pupil population ) . A higher response rate was achieved from pupils populating in self catered metropolis populating adjustment than might be expected from the proportion of pupils populating at that place.Prevalence of smoking within the resident pupil populationOverall smoke prevalence within the sample population was measured as 38.3 % ( n=225 ) , with current smoke higher among males ( 42.7 % , n=106 ) than females ( 35.1 % , n=119 ) ( see Mistake Reference beginning non found ) .Table Smoking shape ( current tobacco users compared to non-smokers )Students smoking behavior and attitudes towards smokingWithin the smoke group, about half ( 49.3 % ) were identified as non-regul ar tobacco users ( 55.5 % in females, 42.5 % in males ) and 36.8 % were identified as regular-daily tobacco users ( 31.9 % in females, 42.5 % in males ) . International tobacco users were 89 % ( 95 % CI 1.02-3.51, p=0.04 ) more apparent to be day-to-day tobacco users than non-daily tobacco users ( Mistake Reference beginning non found ) . With respect to the smoke prevalence of the pupils home state 48 this has a important consequence such that for each per centum point addition in the states smoking prevalence, the pupil is 6 % ( 95 % CI 1.01-1.11, p=0.02 ) more likely to be a day-to-day tobacco user compared to a non-daily tobacco user.Of the non-smoking group, 61.6 % had neer smoked 23.5 % had try smoke one time or twice and 14.9 % were ex-smokers ( 18.3 % in males ) . Of all respondents, 62.0 % ( n=364 ) were current or ex-smokers, or had tried smoke at some clip, though 8.3 % of respondents originally denied holding tried smoke. Non-daily tobacco users were 26.6 times ( 95 % CI 8.02-88.3, P & lt 0.001 ) more likely to body politic that they do nt see themselves as tobacco users.Merely over half of females ( 51.0 % , n=173 ) and about two fifths of males ( 38.7 % , n=96 ) had neer smoked prior to go toing university ( general 45.8 % , n=269 ) .The age at which most current tobacco users first off tried smoke was every bit split with 41.8 % get downing between 16-18 old ages and 38.7 % get downing in the 13-15 age group. Of those respondents that foremost tried smoke before the age of 13, 71.9 % are current tobacco users. This equates to merely over one in 10 ( 10.2 % ) current tobacco users. By contrast, 46.7 % of those respondents who foremost tried smoke between the ages 19-24 remain as tobacco users ( 9.3 % of current tobacco users ) .Table jeopardize factors for day-to-day smoke ( compared to non-daily smoke ) occasional tobacco users reported troubles with detecting no-smoking countries with 30.1 % sing trouble compared to 6.5 % of non-daily tobacco users.Un adjusted and adjusted odds ratios of pupils demoing those fazed by other people s baccy fume are presented in Table Students bothered by people smoking nearby ( unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios ) . afterwards seting for gender and state of beginning ( sort by World Health Organisation Region ) , where a pupil does nt smoke they were 10 times more likely to mind if other people smoke nearby ( 95 % CI 6.6-16.6 ) and this is a important consequence ( P & lt 0.001 ) .After seting for the confusing consequence of the pupil smoke, females were 2.71 times more likely to mind if other people smoke close-by compared to males ( 95 % CI 1.76-4.18, P & lt 0.001 ) .Table Students bothered by people smoking nearby ( unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios )To look into pupils motive on discontinuing smokewell-nigh a 3rd of all current tobacco users did non place with being a tobacco user ( 32.4 % , n=73 ) . One-half of non-daily tobacco users ( 49.6 % , n=70 ) were in this gr oup. Just under a tail ( 23.1 % , n=52 ) of tobacco users reported being dexterous with being a tobacco user, though half of this group ( 51.9 % , n=27 ) entangle that they ought to halt smoke. Of those tobacco users who felt they ought to halt smoke ( 30.7 % , n=69 ) , 18.8 % wanted to halt smoke and 24.6 % felt they needed to halt smoke, with 15.9 % saying that they both wanted and needed to discontinue. Around a one-fourth of all tobacco users unhappy that smoke was either doing them injury now ( 22.2 % ) , with a farther 27.6 % worried that smoking would do them injury in the futurity ( 14.2 % stated both ) nevertheless merely 6.7 % were concerned about the consequence on household and loved 1s.A one-fourth ( 25.5 % ) of non-daily tobacco users theme smoke was nt briefly doing serious injury. Remarks left by non-smokers cited wellness grounds for discontinuing or non taking up smoke.About a one-fourth ( 23.6 % , n=53 ) of tobacco users felt that smoke was bing excessive ly much money, the bulk of whom ( 69.8 % , n=37 ) were day-to-day tobacco users. slight than one in 10 tobacco users ( 8.4 % ) felt that smoke was acquiring excessively hard these yearss, this did non vary by smoking sub-category.Over two tierces of tobacco users intend to discontinue at some point ( 24.4 % were non certain when, 19.6 % when no longer a pupil, 13.3 % within the following month, 8.0 % within the following twelvemonth ) . Over a fifth bash non mean to damp up ( 22.2 % ) , and 10.2 % did nt react to the inquiry. Within the group who responded that they did non mean to discontinue, 60 % ( n=30 ) had antecedently stated that they did non see themselves as tobacco users.Positions of pupils sing enforcement, success and range of smoke-free policyStudents were asked where they felt on a regular basis candid to other people s baccy fume. Over half felt exposed to tobacco fume in out-of-door smoking countries of pubs/restaurants/cafes ( 56.6 % ) and outside cabarets ( 55.5 % ) 35.8 % felt exposed in other out-of-door public topographic points. In many topographic points current tobacco users reported experiencing more exposed to other people s fume than non-smokers.A bulk of respondents ( 70.9 % , n=416 ) felt that they were on a regular basis exposed to other people s baccy fume on University premises. When broken down, 46.2 % ( n=271 ) experienced fume on the chief university campus 15.2 % ( n=89 ) outside the Student Union edifice 52.8 % ( n=310 ) outside University abodes and 17.9 % ( n=105 ) inside University abodes. These consequences are loosely similar regardless of smoking position.The bulk of occupants ( 67.6 % , n=397 ) believe that Leicester University has a policy that covers smoking in Halls of Residence. Ex-smokers ( 72.2 % , n=39 ) and current tobacco users ( 69.8 % , n=157 ) were more cognizant of the policy than non-smokers, 26.9 % ( n=83 ) of whom stated that they do nt cognize .When asked about the smoke policy presently in fo rce in Halls of Residence, merely 16.7 % ( n=98 ) were cognizant of the right combination of regulations stated ( i.e. no smoke at bottom and within two meters of room accesss or Windowss ) . Almost three lodge ( 74.1 % , n=435 ) of occupants responded with at least one correct regulation ( 70.7 % stated that smoking is non permitted indoors ) and 19.9 % ( n=117 ) notion the policy was more extended by taking extra regulations that they survey applied.One in 10 ( 9.9 % , n=58 ) respondents thought that smoke was non permitted on any portion of the site ( inside or out ) , 14.0 % ( n=82 ) were non cognizant of any regulations ( responded with Do nt cognize ) and a really little figure ( 4.3 % , n=25 ) believed that smoke is permitted in indoor countries.Of the 60.9 % ( n=137 ) of tobacco users conflicting the smoke-free policy in Halls of Residence, the huge bulk ( 94.2 % , n=129 ) do so in the cognition that they are interrupting the regulations ( the staying 5.8 % believe smo ke indoors is allowed ) .Three quarters ( 76.0 % , n=446 ) of respondents reported holding neer witnessed, or hear of, any active smoke policy enforcement in University adjustment, 10.4 % had witnessed grounds of enforcement and 6.1 % knew person else who had witnessed enforcement.Overall, 134 illustrations of active enforcement were reported in perfunctory verbal warnings from staff accounted for 41.8 % formal verbal warnings 19.4 % remarks from other pupils 17.9 % and formal written warnings 16.4 % . A little figure ( 4.5 % ) of other enforcement actions were reported including no smoking postings emails to occupants reding of policy and countenances following dispute and mulcts.The adjustment a pupil lives in, the pupils smoking position and whether the pupil smokes in private and/or common indoor countries are the independent forecasters of the hazard of being exposed to smoke inside university adjustment. Current tobacco users have an increased hazard, and are three and a half times more likely to be exposed to other peoples tobacco fume indoors at their university adjustment than neer tobacco users ( OR 3.54, 95 % CI 1.08-11.67 ) ( Table Students on a regular basis exposed to other peoples tobacco fume indoors at University Accommodation ) though this is non important overall ( p=0.13 ) . Students populating in Oadby abodes are more likely to be exposed to tobacco fume inside the abodes, those in self-catered adjustment in Oadby are about 3 times every bit likely to be exposed to other peoples tobacco fume ( OR 2.8, 95 % CI 1.56-5.04 ) and those in catered adjustment in Oadby are more than twice as likely to be exposed to other peoples smoke ( OR 2.14, 95 % CI 1.25-3.66 ) and this is important ( p=0.001 ) . Students who smoke in survey sleeping rooms are 61.9 % less likely to be exposed to other peoples tobacco fume ( OR 0.38, 95 % CI 0.16-0.9, p=0.02 ) , and pupils who smoke in indoor communal countries are 4.66 times more likely to be exposed to other peoples tobacco fume ( OR 4.66, 95 % CI 2.01-10.84, P & lt 0.001 ) . The R2 abide by is 0.060 which means that the variables in the theoretical account explain about 6 % of the version in fume exposure.Table Students on a regular basis exposed to other peoples tobacco fume indoors at University AccommodationPositions on possible hereunder policy developmentOverall, 73.8 % of respondents thought that smoke should be banned wholly in survey sleeping rooms and 80.1 % in communal indoor countries ( Mistake Reference beginning non found ) . Within current tobacco users, 54.2 % ( n=122 ) think that smoke should be banned wholly in survey sleeping rooms and 66.7 % stated that smoke should be banned wholly in indoor communal countries. This contrasts with the positions of non-smokers who were 86.4 % ( n=266 ) and 89 % in favor of prohibitions in sleeping rooms and communal countries severally. Almost three quarters of non-smokers ( 72.4 % ) said that smoke should be banned in ent rance/doorways whilst 34.7 % of current tobacco users agreed. Smoking within two meters of room accesss polarised sentiment with 56.2 % ( n=173 ) of non-smokers stating that it should be banned wholly, whereas 48.4 % ( n=167 ) of current tobacco users stated that it should be freely allowed.When asked whether smoking limitations should be applied to outdoor countries of the residential campus, 19.1 % of respondents expressed a penchant for a complete prohibition, with 40 % bespeaking that they thought it should be restricted to certain countries. Over half of current tobacco users ( 52.0 % , n=117 ) thought that smoking out-of-doorss should be freely allowed, whereas 48.1 % of non-smokers thought that it should be restricted to designated countries.Figure Student Support for Smoking Restrictions in University ResidencesDiscussionRestrictions of the surveyStudy designGiven the sensed acquaintance of current pupil cohorts with on-line engineerings, for illustration the usage of electr onic mail practical acquisition environments ( WebCT, Blackboard49 etc. ) and the ubiquitous usage of societal networking platforms such as Facebook, an on-line study was used to advance velocity and efficiency of completion and informations aggregation and easiness of distribution. A figure of restrictions were found with the method.The study platform used, though incorporating sophisticated tools and characteristics, involved the design of complex filtrating modus operandis to forestall the presentation of inappropriate inquiries to respondents, for illustration inquiries sing baccy ingestion to non-smokers. Any mistakes in the map of this filtrating non identified during proving, or as a consequence of proficient jobs during the study period may hold led to erroneous informations within the attendant dataset. Similarly, the standalone version of the questionnaire used on the tablet device relies on the proficient unity of the package to accurately synchronize responses to the o n-line database. A thorough reappraisal of the informations collected, following blockage of the study, did non place any such issues.The distribution of email invitations and links to the online study was undertaken by a 3rd party, the University of Leicester s Residential and Commercial Services ( RACS ) section who hold the electronic mailing list for all occupants. The intended mark population for the study was a subset of this mailing list, as agreed with the RACS contact. However, when distributed, the invitation electronic mail was sent to the complete mailing list, more than duplicating the figure of receivers. This mistake did non present any jobs in footings of informations aggregation, nevertheless may hold introduced prejudices due to demographic fluctuations between residential sites. Further, the mailing list is used on the premise that the informations held on it is current and accurate at the clip of usage. Any motions of pupils between, in to or out of university a djustment which had non been updated on the mailing list may hold led to the electronic mail invitation being distributed to pupils outside the mark population, or non holding reached the whole of the residential cohort. therefore, shortly following the analysis of the informations, the writer was informed that the mailing list did include a little figure of ineligible receivers, the remotion of whom from the denominator would hold increased the response rate to 18 % . Additionally, the easiness with which electronic mail can be forwarded may hold led to unintended receivers accessing the study. The eligibility inquiry sing current term clip abode within the study was designed to turn to this issue.There is a mishap that the response rate was affected by the method of invitation. Students receive legion electronic mails from the generic RACS electronic mail history throughout the term, frequently incorporating information which pupils may non see of import, which they may non open or read. As the invitation electronic mail was distributed from this history there is the possibility that some occupants may hold ignored the electronic mail and hence non considered finishing the study.Response prejudice may hold been introduced due to the nature of the study topic. Despite confidences of namelessness and confidentiality, some tobacco users may non hold responded to the study fearing that informations record sing dispute of smoke policy may take to negative effects. Both tobacco users and non-smokers may hold responded to the study in the belief that they may be able to well change the smoke policy.Study InstrumentThe length of the questionnaire used in the survey is an built-in restriction in footings of the comparison of informations to antecedently published surveies. The Health Survey for England46 includes a dedicated fragment on smoking integrating about 50 inquiries to roll up rarify informations. This degree of item is beyond the range of the current su rvey so the questionnaire was designed to arouse the informations required from a stripped-down figure of inquiries. This was besides designed to cut down study forsaking.As antecedently discussed, the leaning for denial of smoking position within peculiar groups is a restriction. The study questionnaire attempted to promote those whose immediate response to the inquiry of smoke position was I have neer smoked to see if they had responded accurately by inquiring them to reaffirm their smoke position after heedful consideration. Despite this attack, an component of prejudice may be within the informations.Similarly, ambiguity sing definitions of smoking position and ingestion may present prejudice into the informations, for illustration the response option I have merely smoked one time or twice may be diversely interpreted as I have merely of all time smoked one or two coffin nails I have smoked multiple coffin nails on one or two occasions or I have smoked for one or two ex tended periods with a disruption in between . Smoking frequence and ingestion has an impact on classification of smoking position, and hence the reported smoke prevalence. For illustration in some surveies those respondents who smoke really infrequently may be classified as non-smokers as their smoke behavior does non make a specific threshold.In retrospect a figure of inquiries that were non included within the questionnaire would hold proven utile in the context of the survey. The questionnaire requests age, age at which the respondent foremost tried smoke and their current smoke position, nevertheless a inquiry sing the length of clip that current tobacco users have been smoking should hold been included as a step of smoking calling. Similarly, inquiries were asked of all respondents sing locations of exposure to smoke and whether exposure to tobacco fume bothered them, nevertheless a inquiry sing their association with tobacco users ( e.g. friends, flatmates etc. ) should hold been included as a step of potency increased likeliness of exposure to smoke.The time of the study may hold introduced prejudices due to possible additions in smoking behavior over the Christmas holiday and through exam periods.A possible confounding factor within the analysis, non measured by the study, was the first twelvemonth undergraduate cohort in the 2011/12 academic twelvemonth. The 2011/12 twelvemonth represented the concluding academic session for beginning of surveies before significant rises in tuition fees within the UK Higher Education sector in 2012/13. The possibility exists hence for prejudice in the informations due to any possible demographic alterations to the cohort as a consequence of increased ingestion of pupils from changing backgrounds including mature pupils, or those that may hold been be aftering spread old ages.Discussion of FindingssPrevalence of smoking within the pupil populationThe survey found an overall smoke prevalence within the sample pupil population to be 38.3 % , with fluctuation between work forces and adult females ( 42.7 % and 35.1 % severally ) . These rates were well higher than many reported in the literature ( 4 % -47 % ) 17, 19, 21, 27, 29 and about four times those estimated through the QMAS system used by the university linked GP surgery, which presently records smoke position for 59 % of patients.One possible contributory factor to this big disagreement is the designation of pupils as smokers , within the context of societal smoke. In the survey, about one tierce of current tobacco users did non place themselves as being a tobacco user. If these respondents had indicated that they were non tobacco users, the overall rate of smoking prevalence would hold been reported as 25.9 % , still well higher than GP informations, but in line with rates found in the literature.Comparisons with the Health Survey for England ( HSE ) consequences, 201046 and the general modus vivendi study, 201050 show a much higher smo king prevalence in the pupil respondents at University of Leicester than might be expected. Interrupting the study informations down by age groups used in the HSE, the prevalence of smoke in males aged 16-24 is dual that in the HSE ( 22.0 % in the HSE in canvas to 44.1 % in the survey sample ) . The HSE informations would non include the occupants of pupil adjustment during term clip as the HSE does non include people populating in establishments as it is designed to be representative of the population life in private families in England 46.The General Lifestyle Survey, 201050 ( GLF ) publishes smoking prevalence by strias, gender and age group. Though the overall prevalence of smoke was much higher in the pupil study ( 38.3 % in comparing to 20 % ) , the proportion of heavy tobacco users was much lower overall and in each age class than in the GLF, 2010 ( merely one heavy tobacco user in the pupil study, male aged 20-24, in comparing to prevalence s between 4 8 % in different age/sex groupings, in the GLF ) . A call for to Office for National statistics returned GLF 2010 informations ciphering national smoke prevalence in pupils at 14 % . Within the figures, heavy tobacco users recorded a prevalence of 2 % , compared with 0.2 % in the current survey.Smoking behavior and attitudesAbout half of respondents identified as current tobacco users were non-regular tobacco users. International pupils were well more likely to be day-to-day tobacco users than non-daily tobacco users. Non-daily tobacco users were more likely non to place themselves every bit tobacco users as discussed by Berg et al14, 23. The analysis besides suggests that those who start smoking at a younger age are more likely to go on to be a regular tobacco user, though the volume induction of smoke additions during university age groups as suggested in the literature14, 17, 18, 20-25. As a 1st twelvemonth undergraduate ( tobacco user ) commented This is the first twelvemonth I have tried smok e because my friends here do Motivation on discontinuingMerely under one tierce of tobacco users thought they ought to discontinue smoke, whilst over 20 % stated that they do non mean to give up. About two tierces of those with no purpose to discontinue had stated that they did nt see themselves as tobacco users. This determination reflects the work by Moran et al33 and Berg et al14, 23 who besides found that those who did non see themselves to be tobacco users were less likely to show purpose to discontinue. As a 1st twelvemonth undergraduate ( tobacco user ) commented I do nt see the inquiry about giving up applicable to me as I do nt smoke every-day, merely when I m with my friends in hall or out for the dark so I m non a tobacco user Indeed some respondents that potentially deny their smoke position were forthright in their sentiment that tobacco users should be left entirely to populate their lives. As a graduate student pupil, reported as being a tobacco user, commented Smoker s ( I do non see myself one ) already have to set up with all kinds of bunk, merely go forth them entirely and give your clip and attempt to work excursion existent problems.a Scope of policy, success and enforcementDespite the fact that no freedoms under the Smoke-free statute law have been made in the residential adjustment managed by University of L